Basically, organic coffee is a product grown in a way that offers very little environmental impact. The goal of organic coffee farming is to produce beans while maintaining soil fertility and building biologically diverse agriculture without the use of toxic fertilizers and pesticides. Many organic farmers fertilize with compost, and use disease resistant mulch. For crop rotation, organic farmers will plant fruit and nut trees to replenish the soil with nutrients and maintain good quality soil. Third-party agencies accredited by the US Department of Agriculture verify organic production, and will give the title ‘certified organic’ to coffee beans that are grown to meet the USDA standards.

To obtain a title of ‘certified organic’ in the United States, a coffee grower must prove that certain growing conditions have been met. First, the farmer must have a crop rotation plan to control for pests, prevent soil erosion, and to prevent loss of soil nutrients, which would occur if the same crop was planted in the same field each year. Also, the coffee beans must have been grown on land that has not had toxic pesticide or fertilizer use at any time within the last three years. Finally, there must be a large enough space between the organic coffee and the nearest conventional crop to provide a buffer against contamination.

An added benefit of organic coffee beans is that they are typically produced by shade-grown coffee trees. These shade grown trees, which have been replaced on conventional farms by a variety of coffee tree that can grow in full sun, provide a habitat for migratory birds and wildlife. The large trees that provide shade help reduce topsoil loss, and the birds that migrate through are a natural defense against bugs and pests. The shade trees, which were standard before the industry become commercialized, mature less quickly than the full sun variety, and are thought to produce a better tasting coffee bean.

Organic coffee is grown in many countries, with the leading producers of Mexico, Costa Rica, Peru, Guatemala, and Nicaragua. Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and the Philippines are also home to organic coffee farms. Even the United States grows organic coffee in Hawaii. Though organic farming is more labor-intensive, certified organic farmers are paid about fifteen cents more per pound for organic coffee than conventional, which is a large increase considering that some farmers only receive ten cent per pound total. Organic certification costs nearly three hundred and fifty dollars, which sounds affordable, but is quite costly when you consider that some of these farmers make only one thousand dollars total profit in a year.

Organic decaffeinated coffee beans offer an interesting challenge, because although they may be grown to meet organic requirements, conventional decaffeination uses methylene chloride to remove the caffeine from the coffee beans. This chemical is prohibited in organic production, so to maintain organic status the caffeine must be removed with water, known as the ‘Swiss Water’ process.

While a stamp of ‘certified organic’ can provide consumers with a label to look for when searching out organic coffee beans, there are still dishonest people out there looking to capitalize on organic demand. For example, organic coffee is usually shade-grown, but some beans that are shade-grown are not organic; the label of shade-grown can mislead people into thinking that a product is organic while actually the shade grown coffee has been grown using toxic chemicals. Also, tastes can vary between conventional and organic coffee beans, so you must be patient in finding the right organic blend. Buy small quantities of beans at first to figure out which you like best, or ask to sample brewed organic beans before you purchase them from a coffee store. Before buying organic, do the research on accredited certification agencies and individual coffee growers to ensure that your extra money is actually benefiting true organic coffee farmers.

With some products, organically farmed items can cost consumers twice as much as the conventionally farmed variety, but such is not the case with organic coffee. A one-pound bag of regular Italian Roast coffee from Starbucks will set you back $10.45, while the same size bag of organic coffee beans from Mexico costs $13.45. To many, the extra three dollars per bag is worth knowing that the beans were grown in an eco-friendly way.

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What is Oolong Tea?

Tea bushes produce three main types of tea. The most commonly known are black tea—the kind you find in standard tea bags—and green tea, which is lauded for its many medicinal properties. Black tea is fully oxidized before drying, while green tea remains unoxidized. Oolong tea falls somewhere in between, with oxidation levels ranging from 10% to 70%. As a result, oolong tea possesses qualities of both black and green teas.

The word oolong means “black dragon” in Chinese. The origin of the name is unclear, but several legends surround it. One tale speaks of a man named Wu Liang (later known as Wu Long or Oolong) who, while picking tea leaves, was distracted by an animal—possibly a river deer. By the time he returned to his tea, it had already partially oxidized. He chose to drink it anyway, and the result was a wonderfully flavorful brew. Rumor has it that he shared the mellow, aromatic tea with his neighbors, who began calling it Wu Liang tea.

Another theory suggests that oolong tea got its name because the leaves of this partially oxidized tea resemble tiny black dragons that unfurl when hot water is poured over them.

Oolong contains about half the caffeine of black tea and roughly twice the caffeine of green tea. The flavor of oolong, however, does not resemble either green or black tea. While it may have a stronger aroma than other varieties, oolong is rarely bitter.

History

Oolong tea has a history that dates back around 400 years to Fujian Province in China, during the late Ming Dynasty. The region surrounding Mt. Wu Yi Shan is renowned as one of the best areas in the world for tea cultivation due to its ideal average temperature of around 18°C (64°F) and other favorable climatic conditions. Much of the oolong tea produced today still comes from Fujian Province, where it is so highly valued that they have developed a special way of drinking it using tiny teapots and cups.

For many years, oolong tea was considered an expensive and hard-to-find commodity, especially in North America. However, in the 1990s, specialty tea companies began canning oolong tea, making it more readily available to the general public outside of China and Japan. Today, it is far easier to find than it was a decade ago.

How is  it Made

The production of oolong tea involves skilled craftsmen who follow a meticulous process. The tea leaves are carefully picked at the right time and then exposed to the sun for a set period. Afterward, they are moved indoors to dry and begin fermenting. Experienced tea makers know exactly when to stop the fermentation process to create the perfect oolong—typically when the leaves are about 30% red and 70% green. The leaves are then hand-rubbed to enhance their aroma and flavor, before being dried using charcoal. Once the process is complete, a “tea master” inspects the quality before the tea is allowed to be sold.

Health Benefits of Oolong Tea

The Chinese have long recognized the health benefits of all types of tea, and oolong is no exception. It is known to help fight obesity by activating the enzyme responsible for dissolving triglycerides (fatty deposits) and enhancing fat metabolism. Additionally, the large amount of polyphenols in oolong tea helps prevent tooth decay and slows down the production of free radicals, which are known to accelerate the aging process. Herbalists believe that oolong tea can also improve kidney and spleen health.

Disadvantages

The primary disadvantage of drinking large quantities of oolong tea is the potential development of insomnia due to its caffeine content. Additionally, excessive consumption of tea, in general, can lead to the discoloration of teeth.

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Too bad! A good cup of tea is a real treat. In fact, more and more individuals outside of Britain and its colonies are discovering its great taste. Coffee shops, popular in America, are adding a variety of teas to their menus, allowing new tea drinkers to learn the ins and outs of making properly brewed, great-tasting tea. Tea shops are also sprouting up in many countries, offering fine imported teas in many flavors.

If you’re a fan of this fine beverage and would like to serve tea in the proper way, the process is simple once you have all the required pieces in place.

Setting the Stage for a Perfect Tea

The Table
The setting for your English tea can be nearly as important as the tea itself. Set a pretty table that your guests will enjoy. Include china cups and saucers if possible, a dainty linen tablecloth, matching napkins, and perhaps a floral centerpiece. If you’re serving food with your tea, be sure to provide appropriately sized plates. It’s perfectly fine to mix and match if you don’t have enough cups of the same pattern—this can add a whimsical touch.

The Pot
A proper English tea should always come from a pot, brought to the table on a tray with sugar, a sugar holder, a milk pitcher, tongs for sugar cubes, a napkin, a spoon, a saucer, and – of course – a cup. (Some of these items can already be on the table if desired.)

When you begin, the teapot should be warm – never cold or at room temperature. This helps the tea stay hot longer. It’s best to warm the teapot in the oven, on the stove over low heat, or by placing it in a tub of boiling water. Consider investing in a “tea cozy,” which wraps around the pot and helps keep the water hot for a longer period of time.

Preparing the Tea
“Real” British tea is made with loose tea leaves, but if you’re concerned about having leaves in your cup, you can use a filter or diffuser. If you’re using loose leaves, put a teaspoon of tea per cup into your warm teapot. Fill it with freshly boiled water (never boil water twice), stir slightly, and allow it to “steep” for 2 to 5 minutes, depending on how strong you want it. Stir it again before serving. You may wish to add milk and/or sugar before serving (the British way!) or allow your guests to add them as they wish.

If the tea isn’t quite the flavor you were seeking, you can make a few adjustments. For example, try using less tea per cup. Some teas are particularly strong and don’t require as much to make a good cup (or “cuppa,” as the British say). You might also want to experiment with different types of tea. Ask your local tea expert for recommendations, or try some of the most popular British teas, such as Darjeeling, Earl Grey, English Rose, Orange Pekoe, and Imperial Gunpowder. Each one has a distinct flavor, so it might be wise to sample a few before buying.

Pouring the Tea
To avoid spilling, always place one hand on the lid of the teapot to keep it secure. Pour slowly to prevent over-pouring. If you wish (or if your guest prefers), you can use a strainer to catch any tea leaves that may end up in the cup.

Once everyone is seated and served, it’s time to enjoy your tea!

Goodies
A proper tea, especially an afternoon tea, is typically served with small treats like cookies, tiny cakes, scones, or even small sandwiches and other finger foods. The fancier and more elegant, the better!

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Coffee isn’t entirely harmless, though. As a stimulant, it can be addictive and may cause jitters or anxiety when consumed in large amounts. It can also stain teeth, leading to a yellowed smile for daily drinkers. Burns from hot coffee are common, so handle hot pots or fresh cappuccinos with care. For those prone to heartburn, coffee—even decaf—can increase stomach acid, potentially triggering indigestion. Drinking coffee early in the day or in small amounts may help avoid this.

Debunking Myths and Exploring Benefits

Decades of research have debunked claims that coffee causes cancer, stomach ulcers, breast disease, or gallbladder disease. A study linking coffee to pancreatic cancer was flawed due to its design, which considered multiple factors and led to misleading results, now discredited. Analysis of earlier studies shows no significant health risks from moderate coffee consumption, even for those with cardiovascular issues.

Today, research focuses on coffee’s health benefits. Caffeine is used therapeutically to stimulate breathing in premature babies and post-surgery newborns. It may help asthma patients by dilating airways and could relieve constipation or protect against gallstone pain. A 1999 study found coffee drinkers had a lower risk of colon cancer compared to non-drinkers, though no specific consumption guidelines exist yet. While coffee doesn’t alleviate Parkinson’s symptoms, recent studies suggest it may reduce the risk of developing the disease.

Coffee also boosts endurance in long-distance running and biking and enhances cognitive function—likely why it’s a morning favorite. For those combating sleep deprivation, sipping 2–3 ounces of coffee hourly is more effective than drinking it all at once, maintaining alertness longer.

While coffee is safe for most, some should avoid it due to its stimulating effects, such as those with irregular heartbeats or other heart conditions, who are typically aware of their limitations. Pregnant women should also be cautious, as caffeine passes through the placenta. High caffeine intake—over 300 mg daily—may increase risks of miscarriage and low birth weight.

To save money, brew coffee at home instead of buying from a chain. Alternate home brewing with visits to your favorite coffee shop, or explore local mom-and-pop stores for better prices.

Enjoy your coffee guilt-free! Ignore outdated myths and flawed studies. Recent discoveries highlight coffee’s therapeutic benefits, and research into more health advantages continues. For better health, focus on exercise or reducing fat intake—coffee isn’t the enemy!

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Types of Espresso Machines

An espresso machine has a few major requirements that must be met to produce the perfect cup. First, the machine must supply brewing water between 191-209 degrees Fahrenheit, typically heated by an internal boiler. The machine must also channel the hot water into the brew chamber, delivering it to the coffee grounds at about nine bars of pressure via a pump, spring system, or lever. After the hot water is pumped through the coffee grounds, it should exit the machine via spouts in the portafilter, or an external spout on a super-automatic machine. All espresso machines also include a steam wand for frothing milk, used in drinks like café lattes or cappuccinos.

Different types of espresso machines offer various levels of control over brewing and cleaning. Manual espresso machines, still made by La Pavoni ($575-$800) and Gaggia ($1200), feature a boiler that heats the water. Once the water reaches the proper temperature, the operator lifts a lever to allow the water to flow into the coffee grounds. As the water begins to drip through the coffee and into the espresso shot glass, the operator pulls down the lever, forcing the remaining water through the coffee. This machine is for the diehard espresso drinker, as it requires practice and patience to perfect the brew.

Steam-driven and stove-top espresso makers use steam pressure to force water through the coffee grounds. While inexpensive, these machines fail to produce the same quality espresso as manual or electric pump-driven systems. For example, a DeLonghi steam-driven espresso machine can be purchased for under $40.00, but the price reflects the low quality of the espresso it brews. Semi-automatic and automatic espresso machines use an electric water pump to push heated water through the coffee grounds during brewing. A semi-automatic machine, offered by brands like Gaggia ($260), Nespresso ($399), and Krups ($300), allows you to control the amount of liquid that ends up in the espresso glass by turning the brew switch on and off. An automatic machine, slightly more expensive than a semi-automatic, differs in that it has internal controls for the amount of water dispensed through the coffee grounds.

A super-automatic espresso machine is the most high-tech option. It features an electric water pump, boiler, water reservoir, and steam wand. It has an automated internal brewing system, a built-in coffee grinder, and an onboard computer that controls the entire brewing process. When brewing, the coffee beans in the machine are ground and placed into the internal brew system. The pump sends hot water through the system, and the espresso is dispensed through spouts on the front of the machine. The super-automatic also has an onboard waste basket to discard the used coffee grounds once a brew cycle is complete. Brands like Gaggia ($1200-1500), Solis ($700-900), and Saeco ($1500+) offer super-automatics with removable brew systems that can be cleaned. Capresso ($1000-1400) and Jura ($1000-1400) systems are non-removable but come with a self-cleaning option.

Extras to look for in a good espresso maker include a chrome-coated portafilter, a visible pressure gauge to monitor each cup, a built-in cup warmer, and a frothing aid or auto frothing attachment. Removable water tanks help avoid spills, and a machine with programmable brew amounts will let you control how much espresso you get with each brew. Most importantly, choose a brand that is well-known and trustworthy, like Gaggia, Starbucks, or Nespresso. Also, a pre-infusion system, which presoaks ground coffee for two seconds before brewing, is thought to help maximize flavor extraction for the perfect espresso.

If convenience is your primary reason for ‘ordering out’ espresso, consider a super-automatic machine that offers the same convenience at home. Depending on how often you drink espresso, a quality machine can pay for itself in under a year, saving you time and money by eliminating the daily line at your local coffeehouse. Since espresso is a relatively new item in the United States, opt for a brand with plenty of espresso experience, as they’ve had time to perfect their machines. Though price isn’t always the best indicator of quality, don’t expect to find a good espresso machine at a bargain price. Know your desired features, compare prices, and purchase a quality espresso maker—you might just enjoy the best espresso of your life.

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The Dark Side of Coffee Addiction

Most people are aware that the active ingredient in coffee is caffeine, a xanthine alkaloid that stimulates the central nervous system. The word “caffeine” comes from the French word for coffee, “café.” Unlike other psychoactive drugs, however, caffeine is completely unregulated and is even listed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as ‘Generally Safe.’ This is despite the known facts that caffeine can cause sweating, nausea, restlessness, headaches, anxiety disorders, and many other symptoms, as well as being highly addictive. A recent study by Johns Hopkins University (Griffiths RR, Juliano LM, Chausmer AL. Caffeine pharmacology and clinical effects. In: Graham AW, Schultz TK, Mayo-Smith MF, Ries RK & Wilford BB (eds.) Principles of Addiction Medicine, Third Edition (pp. 193-224). Chevy Chase, MD: American Society of Addiction, 2003) positively identifies caffeine as an addictive substance and maps out the addiction and withdrawal mechanisms. This could lead to caffeine being rightly considered a ‘drug,’ with Caffeine Dependence and Caffeine Withdrawal possibly being listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the ‘Bible’ for diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders.

Can caffeine kill you? Probably not—at least not directly. However, the long-term effects of regular caffeine consumption have never truly been studied. We’d probably all be healthier without it, but that’s also true of a lot of other common habits. Since we know caffeine affects circulation and has other physiological effects, there could be a correlation to cardiovascular disorders. We do know that caffeine can cause anxiety disorders, which, while not fatal in and of themselves, greatly affect the quality of life and could contribute to depression and suicides. Further studies are absolutely warranted, but there has never been significant pressure to conduct them. After all, the FDA says caffeine is perfectly safe, and they are the experts, right? (Excuse me…I need a minute to stop laughing.) Remember, these are the same people who brought you Thalidomide, Fen-Fen, and a host of other drugs that were later pulled from the market after causing irreversible damage to people. The FDA doesn’t test anything. They just take companies’ word that their products are safe and require the testing paperwork (which can be, and has been, easily faked before) to be on file. Another great reason to start thinking about how to give up the coffee habit.

To understand why coffee addiction is taken so lightly, it helps to look at the history of coffee use in the U.S. and Great Britain. There was no widespread coffee consumption anywhere in the world before the fifteenth century. Coffee use as a beverage started in Ethiopia, and by the early 1600s, it spread across the Middle East, into Europe, and even to the American colonies. Coffee never had a large following in England and its colonies because Great Britain controlled India, giving them a source of cheap tea. Tea quickly became the British tradition, which it remains to this day. Likewise, in the American colonies, tea was popular until a political decision forced a change in attitude toward the Mother Country.

In the late 1700s, Great Britain was struggling financially from the cost of maintaining its empire. In desperation, King George and Parliament looked to the colonies for funding. For several decades, England imposed tax after tax on the colonists, all without granting them any representation in Parliament or input in the process. This generated massive discontent, and the passage of the Tea Act in 1773 was the last straw. Most of the other ports in the colonies refused tea deliveries from England, but in an extreme act of stupidity, Boston’s Royal Governor, Thomas Hutchinson, would not allow the colonists to refuse the delivery, leading to the historic Boston Tea Party. Britain had no control over the world coffee market, so from that day forward, coffee became the beverage of choice in North America. Tea was shunned by all but the most die-hard British loyalists. Coffee soon became as much a social custom in the U.S. as tea was in Britain. It became unthinkable not to offer guests coffee, and no restaurant would dare leave it off the menu. Coffee companies gained significant political power, and in 1952, the Pan American Coffee Bureau successfully lobbied for legislation requiring all companies to provide a ‘coffee break’ for their workers at regular intervals. The Coffee Break became a uniquely American tradition.

With this kind of history and the political influence of large international coffee companies, it’s easy to understand why there’s no great push to study the long-term health effects of coffee. Just look at how long tobacco companies held sway before science and politics caught up with them. In fact, the health risks of cigarettes were known for quite some time before any action was taken. It was only through public pressure that something significant was done. Coffee will no doubt follow a similar course.

If you’re genuinely concerned, you can get ahead of the game easily. You can completely forgo coffee (I know, other things have caffeine too, but none to the extent of coffee, and you can give those up too if you want…). Depending on how long and how much coffee you’re used to drinking, it may not be advisable to stop cold turkey. Since caffeine is an addictive substance, you’ll likely experience withdrawal symptoms similar to those of a cocaine or heroin addict, although less dramatic. You can expect headaches, restlessness, mild depression, anxiety, and other symptoms, but they will be short-lived. If you can stick it out for a few weeks, you’ll notice immediate improvements in your mental and physical health. This may sound strange, but medicine still follows the laws of physics, just like everything else in the real world. You can’t get something for nothing. The added boost you get from caffeine comes at the expense of something else. When you eliminate caffeine, you get that “something else” back. This often results in a marked increase in energy, less procrastination, and a generally better attitude toward life. Your sleep patterns will improve (since most people rely on coffee because they don’t get enough sleep in the first place), along with your appetite and overall zest for living.

The best way to quit coffee is to taper off gradually. Keep a log of your coffee consumption (this will probably shock you, as most people drink more coffee than they realize), and try to replace one or two cups a day with another beverage. Good choices are teas (especially herbal teas, which are caffeine-free for the most part), juices, or plain water. Do this for a week, then replace another cup or two with something else. Keep it up until you can go a week with no coffee at all, and you’ll be free. Another option is to try replacing a few cups of coffee with decaffeinated coffee. Gradually increase the replacements until you’re no longer drinking regular coffee. This has worked for some people. Others find decaffeinated options unappealing. If you want to “get it over with” quickly and go cold turkey, try to choose a time with the least amount of mental stress. Be prepared to deal with depression and anxiety, and have a support system in place before you start. It might also be helpful to seek advice from your physician before beginning any caffeine-elimination program. They can provide the best guidance on how to give up the coffee habit.

However you decide to proceed, I wish you the best of luck!

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Comparing Green Tea and Black Tea

When starting to explore these questions, it’s important to note that all teas come from the same plant—Camellia Sinensis. The differences in color, taste, aroma, and even the types of tea depend on the regions where the plants are grown. Even teas of the same color may taste or smell differently, depending on their country of origin. Green Tea and Black Tea are among the most popular in North America, and both have health benefits that you may or may not be aware of.

Until recently, Green Tea has been the star of health discussions, especially with all the research surrounding it. However, Black Tea, the “normal” tea many of us drink on a daily basis, is also proving to be good for our health. While these two teas serve different health purposes, it’s not so much about one being better than the other. Both are beneficial and can help your body in different ways.

The main benefit of Green Tea is its high concentration of a powerful antioxidant known as EGCg. During the process of making Black Tea, this compound is converted into other compounds, leading researchers to initially believe that Black Tea lacked the health benefits of its lighter-toned cousin. However, recent research has shown that Black Tea is also healthy, thanks to the presence of theaflavins and thearubigens. These compounds give Black Tea its dark color and distinct taste while providing a health boost.

One thing to keep in mind when considering the benefits of different types of tea is that tea research is still in its early stages. Yes, many articles based on observational studies point to a relationship between tea consumption and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. However, there is no conclusive evidence that drinking tea provides protective or healing benefits for everyone.

Despite the focus on Green Tea, it’s important to recognize some of the research involving its darker relative, Black Tea.

Black Tea contains flavonoids, a phytonutrient with antioxidant benefits. The consumption of Black Tea, with the aid of flavonoids, can help reduce the risk of stroke and heart disease by lowering LDL (the “bad” cholesterol) associated with these conditions. Many studies support these findings.

So, does the color matter? While both Black Tea and Green Tea have their own unique colors, flavors, and aromas, they also have their own specific health benefits. No matter which tea you prefer, consider your health needs when choosing your favorite cup.

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The Origins of Coffee and Its Journey to Global Popularity

The discovery of coffee can actually be traced back to the 9th century, when it was first found on the Horn of Africa, in modern-day Ethiopia. Two stories exist regarding the discovery of the coffee bean, one involving a goat herder named Kaldi. According to legend, Kaldi noticed his goats acting with extreme vigor after eating the cherries of a certain tree. Upon eating the berries himself, he felt the same renewed energy, and thus, the effects of coffee were discovered. Another similar tale involves a Yemenite mystic traveler who, like Kaldi, observed goats acting with unusual energy and consumed the same fruit, learning of the effects of the coffee bean. Traders began offering these coffee beans, which made their way into Arabia, and eventually out into India, Holland, and Europe through Venice, Italy. It was here that coffee reached popularity in the 17th century. Historically, the first coffeehouses served as gathering places for political movements and debates.

While many people drink and enjoy coffee, little is commonly known about where the coffee bean actually comes from and how it is processed. Though there are over sixty species of coffee trees, only two are grown and cultivated for consumption: Arabica (a higher quality bean, more difficult to grow) and Robusta (a hardier plant, producing a lesser quality bean). The coffee plant is a small tree or shrub and is part of the Rubiaceae family. Native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia, coffee is now grown in the ‘bean belt,’ a region near the equator bordered by the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. The flowering trees produce purple or red fruits (coffee berries) which contain two seeds: these seeds are the coffee beans. It takes three to five years for a coffee plant to reach maturity and bear fruit, with each tree yielding approximately one pound of roasted beans per year.

Harvesting and processing of coffee beans is quite time-consuming and labor-intensive for farmers. Since the coffee fruits ripen at different times, the fruit must be hand-picked to ensure the highest quality of beans. Some coffee is picked using a vacuum pack, but beans collected this way are used in instant coffee and are not suitable for drip machines. Laborers who pick the coffee are paid by the basketful; an experienced picker can usually gather 6-7 baskets per day. Pay (from growers) per basket can range anywhere from $2.00 to $10.00, with most pickers earning closer to $2.00 per basket. Once harvested, the beans are de-pulped, dried (either by the sun or a machine), and then sorted into different grades depending on their quality. These ‘milled beans’ are then shipped to their destination countries, where they are roasted. Roasting darkens the color of the bean and enhances its flavor and aroma. Lightly roasted beans (e.g., cinnamon roast, New England roast) retain much of their original flavor, while dark roasting (e.g., Viennese, French, and Continental) creates a more intense ‘roasted’ flavor. The roasted beans are ground in a coffee grinder, placed in a filter, and brewed in a coffee maker. The coffee maker routes hot water through the coffee grounds, extracting flavor and caffeine, resulting in a fresh, hot cup of brewed coffee!

Each year, nearly seven million tons of coffee are produced by over fifty-six different countries, with Brazil and Colombia leading the pack, followed by Indonesia, Vietnam, Mexico, and Ethiopia. Twenty million families are employed by coffee production and exportation, earning, on average, only six percent of the retail price of coffee beans. For every pound of gourmet coffee beans sold in the US, a coffee farmer receives about twelve cents. Because many coffee producers have small-scale operations, the current prices they receive for their goods are insufficient to support their families. As a result, some coffee farmers in South America, Africa, and Indonesia have turned to growing illegal crops like coca (used to make cocaine) to survive. To combat the current low market prices for coffee, a Dutch company introduced the concept of Fair Trade, which guarantees farmers a set pre-harvest price, ensuring a decent living wage.

Fair Trade is an ideal related to the sustainable development movement, which seeks to protect the rights of producers and workers by offering better trading conditions to promote equity in the global trading industry. Fair Trade goals include protecting the environment, creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged growers, establishing independence by providing long-term trade relationships, and offering fair prices with equal pay for both men and women. Currently, Fair Trade certification is overseen by FLO International, a non-profit organization that sets standards and audits growers to ensure compliance. Consumers can identify Fair Trade products by looking for the certification mark. In 2005, Fair Trade sales increased by 37%.

Though market prices for coffee are dropping, and small-time coffee farmers continue to suffer, coffee consumption worldwide has reached astounding numbers. Over 50% of Americans are daily coffee drinkers, and another 30% enjoy a coffee beverage occasionally. Coffee consumption accounts for nearly one-third of tap water usage in North America and Europe! As the world moves faster, many people drink coffee for the benefits of caffeine—a stimulant that provides a boost of energy and enhanced mood and concentration. While simple brewed coffee remains the traditional choice, the introduction of espresso drinks (finely ground coffee brewed under pressure) from Italy to North America in the 1980s has led to the rise of various coffee beverages such as the latte, cappuccino, Americano, and many more. Since espresso is more concentrated in caffeine and flavor, it has become a popular base for coffee drinks.

A coffee culture has emerged, with chains like Starbucks offering a wide range of coffee drinks to suit nearly anyone’s taste. Flavored coffees and espresso drinks have become hugely popular, with options for all ages. Espresso drinks like the white chocolate mocha and gingerbread latte combine coffee with dessert-like blends of flavored syrups, espresso, and whipped cream. During the summer, iced coffee drinks such as java chip and café vanilla frappuccinos offer refreshing options. In addition to the many drinks on their existing menus, many coffee chains will create a coffee drink to suit any customer’s specification. Ordering coffee at Starbucks can become quite intricate with choices in milk types, syrups, espresso concentration, desired temperature, etc.

Though some of these decadent espresso beverages may be loaded with calories (you can always opt for skim milk!), recent studies show that drinking coffee poses no health risks to most consumers. In fact, research suggests that coffee drinkers have a decreased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease compared to non-drinkers, and a reduced risk of colon cancer as well. Even pregnant women can safely consume low to moderate amounts of coffee, though many expectant mothers choose to avoid coffee and caffeine altogether just in case. Long-term, high levels of caffeine consumption (300+ mg per day) may cause anxiety, insomnia, and muscle twitching.

With the coffee industry booming and new coffee shops opening across the nation, it only makes sense that consumers are becoming more aware of coffee’s origins, growth, and trade industry. A growing niche market for organic coffee beans is seeing significant interest, as consumers are willing to pay a little extra for coffee grown with environmental preservation in mind. Independent studies from 2002, 2003, and 2005 showed that Fair Trade is strengthening producer organizations and improving the quality of life for coffee-growing families. In 2006, one analysis revealed a decrease in child mortality rates among Kenyan farmers in Fair Trade certified groups. Though critics of Fair Trade cite potential price increases as a drawback, a 1lb bag of Fair Trade coffee can be bought from Higher Grounds for $9.95 per pound, while the same beans from Starbucks cost $10.45 per pound—without Fair Trade certification.

What will always remain, no matter the growing conditions or regulations, is the world’s love for coffee—a little bean that helps so many people face each day with vigor. Hopefully, increasing awareness about the importance of coffee in poor nations will improve the standard of living and growing conditions for coffee farmers worldwide. After all, for people willing to pay over three dollars for a latte or espresso, a few extra cents per drink to ensure the sustainability of the coffee industry should be no big deal!

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What is in Coffee?

Coffee is made from coffee beans and contains a variety of compounds, the most well-known of which is caffeine. Caffeine blocks receptors in the brain, preventing neurotransmitters from binding to these sites and effectively blocking feelings of tiredness and lethargy. Coffee is typically made with water and milk, although there are many different ways to enjoy it. Some people add milk or cream, while others add sugar to sweeten the drink.

How Much is Healthy?

Coffee has had a bad reputation in recent years, but research is now showing that it may have benefits for your health. The Harvard School of Public Health notes that the risk of type 2 diabetes may be lower in people who regularly consume coffee. They also report that coffee drinkers may have a lower risk of liver cancer, liver cirrhosis, and Parkinson’s disease. Additionally, coffee consumption may reduce the risk of stroke in women.
Research published by the American Association for Cancer Research revealed that the risk of head and neck cancer may be decreased by 39% in individuals who drink four or more cups of coffee a day. As caffeine is a stimulant, it can also improve mental alertness. A study of shift workers in the Cochrane Library found that those who consumed caffeine performed better (showing better memory scores, attention, perception, and reasoning) than their colleagues who took a placebo or had a short nap. Caffeine drinkers also made fewer errors on the job.

Further research conducted at the Harvard School of Public Health found that people who drink up to six cups of coffee a day had no higher risk of death than those who consumed less. With a balanced diet, coffee can be part of a healthy lifestyle, provided you don’t have any medical conditions that could be affected by caffeine or coffee intake.

Who Should Limit Their Coffee Intake?

Certain groups should be cautious about their coffee consumption, including pregnant women, children, young adults, and those with high blood pressure or caffeine sensitivity. While there is conflicting research on whether caffeine increases the risk of miscarriage, it’s recommended that pregnant women reduce and limit their caffeine intake for safety. Caffeine can pass through to the growing fetus, and this may be problematic as the fetus is still developing and sensitive to caffeine.
The effects of caffeine on the brain of a growing child or adolescent are still not fully understood. Since caffeine is a stimulant, it may be harmful, potentially leading to sleep problems and mental performance issues. It’s well known that children and adolescents need sleep for healthy development, so any disruption to their sleep patterns may affect their overall health and performance.

Caffeine can also increase blood pressure, so individuals with high blood pressure should limit their coffee intake. It can also lead to overstimulation, causing symptoms like anxiety, fidgeting, and restlessness. These effects can disrupt sleep patterns and impair concentration.

How to Determine How Much Coffee is Too Much for You

If you drink so much coffee that you feel unwell or overstimulated (anxious, jittery, or restless), you’re consuming too much and should cut back. If you enjoy a cup or two a day and don’t experience any side effects, then it’s fine to continue. However, if you drink more than six cups a day—even without noticeable side effects—you might consider reducing your intake by one or two cups. Additionally, if you add sugar to your coffee, reducing the number of cups you drink can significantly lower your daily sugar consumption.

How to Cut Back If You Need To

If you need to reduce the number of cups you drink each day, consider switching to decaffeinated coffee. You’ll still enjoy the same taste without the caffeine. Alternatively, you might want to try herbal or fruit tea if you enjoy hot drinks. Always make sure to drink plenty of plain water, aiming for at least one glass of water for every cup of coffee.
Coffee can be part of a healthy diet and may help reduce your risk of several diseases. If you’re unsure of how much caffeine you consume or if you have concerns about how coffee might affect your health, it’s a good idea to consult your doctor.

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The drip coffee maker, a household staple, heats water, drips it through coffee grounds in a filter, and collects the brew in a glass carafe. Brewing takes 10–12 minutes, depending on the model. Once plugged in, turned on, and loaded with coffee and water, your work is done. Drip machines are reliable and offer features like automatic shut-off, programmable timers, pause-and-serve, adjustable hot plates, small-batch settings, and brew strength control. For example, the Cuisinart DCC-1200 Brew Central includes these and a three-year warranty for about $80.00. Auto-off is ideal for safety-conscious users, shutting off typically two hours post-brew. Programmable timers let coffee brew while you shower, and pause-and-serve allows mid-brew pours. Adjustable hot plates and brew strength controls cater to discerning drinkers, while small-batch settings speed up brewing. For a budget option, the Braun Aromaster KF400 delivers great coffee for under $20.00, sans extra features.

Exploring Alternative Coffee Makers

The pour-over coffee system, a drip machine cousin, maintains a constant hot water tank, taking about 15 minutes to heat initially. Once ready, it brews a full pot in three minutes using added grounds. Ideal for offices needing frequent batches, it must stay on to keep water hot, potentially raising energy costs. Bunn, a leading pour-over brand, offers models priced from $200–$300, or available for monthly rental.

“Vintage” options like the French press or stovetop percolator require more effort. In a French press, hot water steeps with grounds for five minutes before a plunger separates them. The coffee, served directly, is best consumed immediately. A stovetop percolator heats water and grounds in a lower chamber, siphoning brewed coffee to an upper one. Both methods demand attention to water temperature and steep time for consistent flavor and yield only 2–3 servings, unsuitable for large gatherings. Prices start at around $11.00.

Single- or double-cup brewers, using prepackaged coffee pods, are gaining popularity. These drip-style machines, often without hot plates, brew in 30–60 seconds and are easy to use and clean. Pods eliminate mess, but limit you to the manufacturer’s coffee flavors, and availability issues can disrupt your routine. The Tassimo TA1400 ($140–$170) and Philips Senseo ($70) are popular models. Pods cost more than ground coffee, but former Starbucks regulars find them cheaper than daily café visits.

Brewing at home is the most cost-effective way to enjoy quality coffee daily. A reliable coffee maker becomes a trusted companion. Choose one with the features you need, but remember: more complexity often means higher costs and potential issues. Focus on what matters most—a great-tasting cup of coffee.

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