Bleeding in the lower intestines, such as the colon and rectum, generally causes hematochezia. It is characterized by the presence of bright, fresh blood in the feces. Hematochezia should not be confused with melena, which refers to the passage of dark, tar-colored feces, caused by bleeding higher up in the intestinal tract.

If your cat has blood in its stool only once and otherwise appears to be eating, drinking, and acting normally, the cause may simply be a minor gastrointestinal upset. This could be due to overeating, eating unfamiliar food, or consuming something that doesn’t agree with them. Some cats are especially sensitive to stress, and any sudden environmental changes—such as adding a new pet, having a baby, or altering their routine—can induce colitis. Sudden changes in food brands can also cause this condition, as cats often require a gradual transition to avoid complications.

However, if your cat has repeated episodes of blood in the stool, appears lethargic or depressed, or the blood is accompanied by diarrhea or vomiting, it may indicate a more severe medical issue requiring veterinary attention.

Common Causes of Blood in Cat Stool

The most common cause of blood in the stool in cats is colitis, or inflammation of the colon. Colitis can be a symptom of various gastrointestinal disorders, and identifying the underlying cause of the inflammation can be challenging.

When colitis occurs, inflammation in the colon causes the cells in the intestinal lining to separate, becoming permeable and allowing water and secretions to leak out. Gut motility is affected, along with the colon’s ability to absorb water and store feces. This leads to frequent diarrhea, often with mucus and blood, as the food in the intestines passes through the colon before nutrients and water can be absorbed by the body.

Aside from blood in the stool, cats with colitis will defecate frequently, producing very little stool, and will strain repeatedly in the litterbox. Since the biggest complication of colitis is rapid dehydration, veterinary attention should be sought any time your cat has blood in its stool and diarrhea. Your veterinarian can treat the dehydration and help identify and treat the underlying causes.

Parasites are a common cause of colitis and bloody stools in kittens. Kittens typically acquire roundworms through the milk of an infected mother. Adult cats can acquire the parasite by eating a rodent or other animal that is infected. These long, spaghetti-like parasites can cause severe symptoms in young animals, including vomiting, diarrhea, bloody stools, and coughing and gagging. If left untreated, these worms can cause pneumonia, intestinal obstructions, and death.

Protozoa infections, such as Giardia and Coccidia, occur when a single-celled parasite is ingested via contaminated soil, food, or water. These parasites can cause a range of gastrointestinal issues, from an occasional bout of soft stools to a severe episode of vomiting, diarrhea, and hematochezia.

In unvaccinated cats and kittens, feline Panleukopenia can be a devastating disease. Also known as feline distemper, Panleukopenia is caused by the parvovirus and is highly contagious. It is particularly concerning in shelters, catteries, and boarding facilities where it can remain active and infectious in the environment for months or even years. This virus is especially dangerous to kittens whose immune systems are not fully developed, and it can cause a high fever, vomiting, nasal discharge, respiratory signs, diarrhea, hematochezia, dehydration, and death.

In older cats, one of the main concerns associated with hematochezia is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Cats with IBD develop a chronic level of inflammatory cells in their gastrointestinal tract, which can affect the mucosa of different areas: the small intestine (enteritis), colon (colitis), and stomach (gastritis).

Unlike colitis caused by temporary intestinal upsets, cats with IBD experience an ongoing inflammatory response in their intestines that does not resolve. The exact causes are unknown, but they have been linked to food sensitivities, bacteria in the intestinal tract, and immune system dysfunctions.

If left untreated, IBD can lead to poor digestion and nutrient absorption, as well as abdominal discomfort. Over time, the chronic inflammation can cause scarring of the mucosa, and studies have shown that this scarring often leads to the development of lymphoma, a type of cancer, in the intestines.

Blood in the stool can also be attributed to more external causes, such as trauma to the rectum, anal gland abscesses, or tumors and polyps in the rectum.

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Just like with humans, reducing food intake alone may not be enough to curb the problem, especially if it has been ongoing for years. Besides putting your cat on a diet, they will need an increase in stimulation and physical exercise.

Addressing Feline Obesity and Its Risks

A high-fat content in any animal is not healthy. Just like humans, felines and other creatures that are obese run the risk of heart disease, joint and back problems, diabetes, and the complications that come with these issues. Obesity can shorten an animal’s lifespan by three to seven years. So, if your furry friend is carrying around a few extra pounds, it’s important to not only adjust their diet but also promote a healthier lifestyle.

Start with the extras. Just like with humans, meals are often not the culprit of the extra weight. Snacking too much between meals is the fastest way for your kitten to plump up. Cat treats are often a good source of iron and essential fatty acids that cats need in order to experience good health. However, a bag of treats per day is like a human eating a whole package of cookies throughout the day. Cutting out those calories alone can often help Fuzzy tone down. Adding just one fifteen-minute play session to his day can help develop muscle tone and burn fat. But when he turns into the buff envy of the alley, don’t let him return to old habits, or he may begin a feline version of yo-yo dieting.

One of the most tempting sins in the feline feeding frenzy includes table scraps. Table scraps make great treats, and some even believe they’re healthier than prepackaged treats. However, a cat’s body is not the same as a human’s. He is unlikely to process our foods the same way. That means he cannot tolerate the same amounts or concentrations of saturated fats, sugars, and even fats derived from artificial sources. Table scraps can easily add unwanted pounds to his waistline.

Of course, you may have already started the habit of allowing him to sample the dishes after mealtime, and changing his behavior will be a serious challenge. You may not even be fully comfortable asking him to endure total denial. He doesn’t understand why you’re suddenly requiring him to stay down off the counter while you clear the dishes. He’s been practicing his “dishwasher” act for the last six years. If this is the case, try cutting his portion down to a small amount. Instead of allowing him to clear the plates in their entirety, give him the smallest portion left on a paper plate or in his dish.

Because cats are nimble, putting a cat on a diet can be a significant challenge. Unlike a dog, who is unlikely to jump up and scour the countertops for extra tidbits, cats are able to leap wherever food is stored—even if it’s covered with plastic wrap. In many cases, cats who are suddenly denied spend a lot of time lurking around the countertops, hoping to find a scrap you left behind. While the extra activity may be good for him, it’s also likely to counteract your efforts and provide an unpleasant surprise when you go to retrieve the dessert you covered three hours ago for company.

When you commit to your cat’s waistline, you must make sure that everything he could potentially find is carefully tucked away. Remember, he will be particularly determined. Spend a moment thinking like a cat and discover all the places he might sneak a treat—countertops, refrigerator tops, even some cabinets.

Once you have cut out the treats, you might start seeing improvement almost immediately. However, for some particularly pudgy pals, a change in food may also be necessary. Reduced-calorie foods can be introduced gradually over about a week. For the first few days, mix ¼ low-calorie food with ¾ regular food. Gradually increase the low-calorie food while decreasing the regular food. By day five, you should be adding ¾ low-calorie food and ¼ regular food. Within one week, he should be on a low-calorie diet without digestive issues from the switch.

As mentioned earlier, putting a cat on a diet is often not enough. In fact, without exercise, your cat might not lose more than ½ pound. Use new toys or old favorites, and set aside scheduled playtime to ensure he has two to three fifteen-minute play sessions daily. If you haven’t noticed improvement within a month, consider taking him to the veterinarian. Sometimes a prescription weight loss program or medication may be necessary. However, approach this cautiously and only as a last resort after behavior modification. Remember, it’s your behavior that also needs modification. Allowing your cat to manipulate you with cuteness or annoying behavior isn’t doing him any favors.

Putting a cat on a diet is a commitment—a lengthy one that requires determination, time, and forethought. However, it’s vital for your cat’s health that you dedicate the appropriate energy. He relies on you for everything, including your good judgment. It’s not natural for any animal to become overweight, and it’s often the result of lifestyle choices or misunderstanding by humans. If you notice your cat gaining weight, a diet may be necessary before he hits the obese stage.

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This is an important question to address because by the time a cat shows obvious symptoms, such as not eating or vomiting, she may have been sick for a while.

The best thing you can do is get to know your cat. Learn her normal eating and sleeping habits and pay attention to her behavior. Also, observe the condition of her coat—its density, color, and sheen. When you’re familiar with how your cat behaves when she’s healthy, it will be much easier to notice when something is off.

There are many signs you can look for to assess your cat’s health. Below are some indicators that something may be wrong:

Common Signs That Your Cat May Be Sick

Hair Loss
June Rauch was brushing her cat one night when she noticed a large bald spot on one of the rear legs. Around the bald spot, there appeared to be black dirt. Wherever this black substance was visible, the hair could be easily removed. As she continued to remove hair, more black dirt appeared. When she contacted her vet, she was told it could be an infection caused by fleas, a virus, or something more serious, like pancreatic cancer. June was confident it wasn’t fleas, as there were no signs of flea activity.

After visiting the vet, they ran tests for the more serious possibilities and gave her cat a long-lasting shot of antibiotics while they awaited results. The vet explained that if the hair loss was due to a virus, the shot would resolve it in a few days.

Fortunately, the antibiotics took care of the problem. However, June might not have noticed the hair loss had she not taken the time to brush her cat that evening.

Hair loss is not normal, and it doesn’t happen without a reason. As June learned, the cause of hair loss could be quite serious, so take the time to regularly inspect your cat’s coat.

Gums
It may not be easy to get a good look inside your cat’s mouth, but doing so can provide valuable clues about various health issues.

When Ken Smith’s cat stopped eating, he initially thought she was grieving the loss of her sister, who had passed away suddenly. He assumed she would start eating again soon. Then, while she was yawning, Ken noticed her gums were yellow. He rushed her to the vet the next day, and it turned out she had liver disease, which was on the verge of turning into liver failure. Ken opted for an expensive surgery that ultimately saved his cat’s life. If he hadn’t noticed her yellow gums and taken action, she likely wouldn’t have survived.

Yellow gums are a sign of jaundice, which can indicate a liver problem. Gums can also offer clues to other health issues.

A bluish tint may suggest your cat isn’t getting enough oxygen, and very white gums—rather than the normal pink—could indicate anemia.

It’s important to note that some cats develop freckles or other discoloration on their gums as they age. Still, anything out of the ordinary should be checked by a vet as soon as possible. The only way to know what’s normal for your cat is to familiarize yourself with the appearance of her gums.

Eyes
Just like the color of the gums, the appearance of your cat’s eyes can provide clues to various health issues. To recognize when something’s wrong, you need to know what’s normal for your cat’s eyes.

The whites of a cat’s eyes should be white. Look for any discoloration, including bloodshot areas or patches of color. These could be signs that something is amiss.

Other eye abnormalities to watch for include swollen, pink areas around the eyes, changes in eye color, a cloudy film over the pupils, or pupils that look different from one another. All of these could indicate a serious health issue.

Other Signs
Other visible signs that might signal trouble include changes in the sheen or density of the coat, discoloration around the ears, and sneezing or coughing. Additionally, if your cat becomes lethargic, refuses to eat or drink, or shows changes in her litter box habits, these could also be indicators of a health problem.

In conclusion, there are many ways to answer the question, “How can I tell if my cat is sick?” Knowing what’s normal for your cat is key. Every cat is different, but getting to know YOUR cat will help you notice when something isn’t right.

When you do notice a problem, don’t wait for it to resolve on its own. Instead, contact your vet to determine whether the symptoms are serious enough to warrant an office visit.

By paying attention to your cat and giving her a thorough check-up once a month, you’ll be better equipped to catch any health problems early, giving her the best chance for a full recovery.

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Common Cat Health Concerns

There are many potentially deadly viruses and diseases that can affect cats. Luckily, many of the most common ones are almost fully preventable through vaccination. Vaccinating your cat or kitten may be one of the most important decisions you make for the health of your pet. According to the American Association of Feline Practitioners, all cats, regardless of breed, sex, or geographic location, should be vaccinated against the following diseases.

Feline Panleukopenia (also known as feline distemper) is caused by the feline parvovirus. This highly infectious disease is especially prevalent in catteries, shelters, and boarding facilities. The virus can remain active in the environment for months to years after it is introduced. Cats become infected with panleukopenia by coming into contact with the virus on litter boxes, bowls, or through contaminated feces. Panleukopenia is especially dangerous for kittens and can cause fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and even death. Kittens should be vaccinated for panleukopenia at 8 weeks of age, with boosters every 4 weeks until they reach 16 weeks. After that, they should be vaccinated annually or every 3 years.

Feline Rhinotracheitis and Calicivirus are the two most common causes of upper respiratory diseases in cats. Caused by the herpesvirus or the calicivirus, both are highly contagious and can spread through nose-to-nose contact or by sharing infected items. Although these viruses are not usually life-threatening in adult cats, they can be fatal for kittens, and some cats that develop the virus may become chronic carriers. Vaccination should begin at 6-8 weeks of age and continue every 3-4 weeks until the cat is 16 weeks old. Afterward, booster shots are needed annually, or every three years, often combined with the panleukopenia vaccine in the form of an FVRCP vaccine.

Rabies is a deadly, untreatable illness transmitted through the bites of infected animals. The disease is always fatal, and due to their hunting nature, cats may come into contact with rabid animals. It is recommended (and in some states, required) that all cats be vaccinated for rabies, whether they are indoor or outdoor cats. Kittens should receive their initial vaccination at 16 weeks of age, followed by a booster at 1 year, and subsequent boosters every three years.

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system of infected cats. Highly contagious, it can spread through saliva, nasal discharge, or from an infected mother to her kittens. FeLV causes a range of health issues, including weight loss, lethargy, anemia, cancer, and infections. A simple blood test should be performed before vaccinating for FeLV to ensure the cat isn’t already a carrier. While vaccination for FeLV can have side effects, such as a vaccine-associated sarcoma (cancerous mass) at the injection site, the risk of contracting FeLV is greater than the potential vaccine reaction, especially in outdoor cats. Kittens should be vaccinated at 12-16 weeks, with a booster in 4 weeks, followed by annual vaccinations.

The best way to address your cat’s health concerns is to build a relationship with your veterinarian. Open communication will help you select the best vaccination protocol for your cat and ensure they remain healthy throughout their life.

Spaying or neutering your cat is not only the most effective way to prevent pet overpopulation, but it also provides significant health benefits. Female cats should be spayed (ovariohysterectomy) before they enter their first heat cycle (before 6 months of age) to reduce the risk of developing mammary (breast) cancer by almost 95% and eliminate the risk of ovarian or uterine cancer entirely. In male cats, neutering eliminates the risk of testicular cancer. It also reduces several behavior problems common in male cats, such as urine spraying, fighting with other cats, and the urge to roam in search of a mate. Like vaccinations, spaying and neutering is a simple way to ensure your cat’s health and well-being and reduce the suffering of unwanted cats and kittens.

Ensuring your cat is free of parasites is another important aspect of pet ownership. Your cat spends time in your lap, sleeps on your bed, and is part of your life. It’s important to make sure they aren’t harboring parasites, either inside or outside.

Routine fecal screening with your veterinarian can help detect and eliminate common internal parasites such as roundworms, tapeworms, coccidia, and Giardia. Many of these parasites can also be transmitted to humans, especially children, so regular screening is essential.

External parasites, such as fleas and ticks, should also be controlled. There are many effective products on the market that work well to kill fleas and ticks, preventing them from infesting your cat. Your veterinarian can help you choose the best product for your area and recommend the appropriate frequency of use. Fleas and ticks not only cause discomfort for your pet but can also transmit serious diseases like tapeworms and Lyme disease.

Throughout your cat’s life, regular veterinary visits will help identify health concerns early. Routine dental care, annual health exams, and, as your cat ages, annual blood and urine tests can help detect potential health problems early, allowing for early diagnosis and treatment before they become more serious.

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Before discussing why cats purr, let’s take a look at how cats purr. Most creatures have a way of expressing happiness. For humans it is laugher or, perhaps, a contented sigh. For canines a good tail wagging is the best way to express joy. Cats also have a way to express happiness and other emotions: by purring. But how, exactly, does it happen?

The most popular scientific explanation involves communication between the brain of the cat to the voice box. When the brain communicates happiness (or other emotions as will be discussed later), the muscles in the voice box begin to vibrate. As air passes through the vibrating muscles, it creates the sound we call purring.

Pet owners may have noticed that at times it seems the cat is purring without interruption. That is because the sound is created both when air is inhaled and when air is exhaled, so the sound is continuous. You may notice if your cat increases the rate of his breathing, the purring may become louder or more distinct. That, too, is related to the air flow past the vibrating muscles.

A second theory is that purring is related to the release of endorphins in the brain. Since cats purr both when happy and during times of stress or pain, this theory is attractive to many experts.

Now that you have learned two of the popular theories about how cat’s purr, let’s talk more about why they purr.

Kittens begin to purr within a day or two after birth. Purring is thought to be, in part, a form of communication between felines. This earliest purring, by both mother cat and her kittens, may be part of the initial bonding process. The sound of the purring changes as a kitten grows into a mature cat, but there is no way to know if the meaning changes.

Pet owners know for sure that most cats purr when they are happy or content. Give a cat a good belly rub and you will likely be able to hear him purring from across the room. Some cats purr while they are eating, perhaps indicating their contentment at having enough food.

What some pet owners may not know is that cats also purr during some of the not so happy moments in their lives. Many cats purr when they are very close to death. Perhaps this is due to anxiety or any pain that they may be feeling at that moment. Others think that the purring at the time of death is related to euphoria, not anxiety. Of course, there is no test that can determine that for sure, so experts will likely continue to disagree.

Cats also purr when they are very ill. Is this because of the pain they may feel? Some say yes, while others believe that the purring is a way that the cat tries to calm himself. Have you ever been in pain or under a great deal of stress and found some comfort by singing to yourself? Some think that is why cats purr during difficult times in their lives. Of course, if the second theory about how cat’s purr is true, that would make sense, because the brain releases endorphins during times of pain and stress.

Frightened cats also purr. The reason could be to show submission to an enemy or to communicate friendliness to another animal. It could also be a way to let other creatures know that the cat has no intention of acting aggressively towards them.

When a cat approaches another cat to play or interact, the cat often purrs. This could be the cat’s way of communicating his reason for approaching.

Giving birth is another time when many cats become very vocal. As in many other areas regarding purring, there is debate as to why a mother cat purrs during delivery. Some say that it is joy at giving birth. More common is the theory that purring during labor helps a cat deal with the pain and the stress of the birthing process. If purring during labor is to deal with the pain, perhaps the joy comes a bit later. Mother cats also often purr loudly when nursing her kittens.

It is also common for cats to purr while sleeping. Because it is not a big secret that cats enjoy their naps, it is a pretty safe bet that if an emotion is involved with sleep purring, it is joy or contentment rather than stress!

Because they purr while being petted, cats seem to provide an instant and very visible means of communicating that they are happy with your efforts. For this reason, some cats make wonderful therapy animals. Cats that have been specially trained and certified as therapy animals visit hospitals, nursing homes and other facilities. They visit with the patients, often by curling up in their laps for a nice session of petting and purring.

Studies have shown that such interaction with therapy cats can lower blood pressure and help to alleviate depression in some patients. While there are not studies that have proven the purring is the reason for the lowered blood pressure or other positive effects, it certainly can’t hurt.

Of course, answering the question “why do cats purr?” is not as important to some pet owners as the fact that they DO purr. They purr at the sad and stressful times in their lives but, more importantly, they purr in response to your show of affection to them. What could be better than that?

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The thyroid is a small gland found in most mammals, including cats. It is located at the base of the neck and produces the thyroid hormone thyroxine, which regulates the body’s metabolism. In dogs and humans, hypothyroidism (underproduction of thyroid hormone) is more common, leading to a slow metabolism. While cats can occasionally develop hypothyroidism, they are far more likely to develop hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid becomes overactive and produces too much hormone. This results in an accelerated metabolism. Although hyperthyroidism is typically a benign condition (not usually associated with cancer), it is serious and can lead to severe health problems or even death if left untreated.

Because the thyroid affects nearly every organ and cell in the body, hyperthyroidism can cause a wide range of symptoms and warning signs. Generally, this condition occurs in middle-aged to older cats, with no significant sex or breed predisposition.

Some of the main symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:

• Weight loss despite a ravenous appetite: As the thyroid increases the body’s metabolism, the cat may become insatiably hungry, yet may still lose weight rapidly.
• Increased thirst and urination: This can include inappropriate urination (e.g., outside of the litter box) and even blood in the urine. Excessive water intake can also put additional strain on the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney damage.
• Behavioral changes: Hyperactivity, nervousness, and irritability may occur due to the increased metabolism. However, some cats may show the opposite symptoms, becoming weak, lethargic, or experiencing “manic” periods of extreme activity followed by long stretches of lethargy.
• General appearance: Cats with hyperthyroidism may have a rough, unhealthy coat that sheds more than usual. Their nails may also become thick and brittle.
• Gastrointestinal upset: Vomiting and diarrhea are also possible symptoms of hyperthyroidism.
• Cardiovascular changes: Untreated hyperthyroidism puts significant strain on the heart and respiratory system. Many cats experience rapid breathing and a fast, strong heartbeat that can be easily felt by placing your hand on the cat’s chest. This condition, known as myocardial hypertrophy, can cause irreversible cardiac damage.

Hyperthyroidism affects many vital organs and physiological functions. If left untreated, it can lead to dangerous and even fatal consequences. In addition to routine yearly physical exams by your veterinarian, any cat showing symptoms of hyperthyroidism should be examined immediately. Your vet will review your cat’s medical history and ask for details about any changes in activity levels, behavior, or other warning signs. A physical exam may reveal signs such as an enlarged thyroid gland (a common symptom), and your veterinarian may check for heart dysfunction and measure blood pressure.

If hyperthyroidism is suspected, blood tests are one of the most effective ways to diagnose it. A Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Blood Chemistries will assess your cat’s overall health and examine organ function, such as the kidneys and liver. The CBC evaluates red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, helping to diagnose conditions like infections and anemia.

To specifically diagnose hyperthyroidism, a thyroxine (T4) test is performed. Elevated T4 levels strongly indicate hyperthyroidism, but false negatives can occur. To confirm the diagnosis, your vet may also perform a Free T4 (FT4) test, which is more sensitive and provides a definitive result.

If your cat is diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, your veterinarian may recommend additional diagnostic imaging (e.g., radiographs and ultrasound) to ensure there are no underlying causes, such as tumors or other forms of cancer.

The exact cause of hyperthyroidism in cats is often unknown, but treatment is typically straightforward and very successful. There are two main options: medication or radiation therapy.

The appropriate treatment depends on your cat’s individual health and condition. Several tests may be conducted before deciding on the best course of action. Once the tests are completed, a personalized treatment plan can be created for your cat.

Medication is the most common and generally the least expensive treatment. This involves giving your cat medication twice daily for life, which can be in the form of pills, liquid medication, or transdermal gels. However, treatment depends on the owner’s ability to ensure the cat takes the medication consistently, and the cat’s willingness to ingest it.

A newer treatment option is radioiodine therapy, a one-time radiation treatment. This involves injecting radioactive iodine directly into the thyroid gland, which destroys only the abnormal cells responsible for overproducing thyroxine. Often, one treatment is enough to “cure” the cat, eliminating the need for daily medication. However, this is a more invasive treatment that requires a multi-day hospital stay and a larger financial investment.

Regardless of the treatment method chosen, follow-up bloodwork is a key part of successfully managing hyperthyroidism. After starting medication or undergoing iodine therapy, your veterinarian will likely recommend several rounds of follow-up tests to adjust medication doses and confirm the success of the radiation treatment. Over time, as your cat stabilizes, blood tests may become less frequent, but all cats being treated for hyperthyroidism should have their T4 levels checked at least twice a year to ensure their treatment is still effective.

While hyperthyroidism in cats can be dangerous and potentially fatal, it is highly treatable. Cats who receive proper treatment for hyperthyroidism often develop no secondary illnesses and go on to live long, healthy lives.

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What Causes Constipation?

Several factors may contribute to constipation, including:

• Hairballs, especially in long-haired cats.
• Ingestion of foreign bodies.
• Obstruction caused by tumors, strictures, or masses compressing or blocking the large intestine.
• Pelvic injuries that result in a narrowed pelvic canal.
• Nerve damage that affects the colon’s ability to contract, which may result from trauma or a more generalized neurological disease.
• In some cases, no obvious cause is identified.

Constipation is most commonly seen in middle-aged and older cats.

What Is Megacolon?
Megacolon refers to a dilated and weakened colon that causes severe constipation. It may be a primary condition or a result of long-term constipation. When the colon becomes distended with fecal material over an extended period, its ability to contract may be reduced or lost, leading to megacolon.

How Are Constipation and Megacolon Diagnosed?
In most cases, constipation is diagnosed based on the cat’s clinical signs. Affected cats often strain unsuccessfully to defecate and may cry in pain. Any feces passed are hard and dry. The cat may also show signs of lethargy, reluctance to eat, and vomiting.

Further tests may be required to determine the cause of the constipation, such as abdominal and pelvic x-rays to check for pelvic injuries, colonic strictures, or tumors. X-rays are also the primary diagnostic tool for megacolon.

How Can Constipation and Megacolon Be Treated?
Treatment depends on the underlying cause of the constipation. For example, if an obstruction like a colonic tumor is present, surgical treatment may be necessary.

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How serious is vomiting?

Most cases of acute vomiting (i.e. the vomiting has been present for less than 2-3 days) resolve readily with simple treatment without the underlying cause being diagnosed. Severe or chronic vomiting is more serious. It can lead to secondary problems, particularly dehydration and disturbances in the levels of electrolytes, especially sodium. It is important to investigate such cases to identify the underlying cause to provide effective treatment.

Recognizing vomiting:

Vomiting may begin with a stage of nausea, the cat appears restless, and possibly apprehensive. The cat may lick its lips, salivate and repeatedly swallow. Vomiting itself involves contractions of the abdominal muscles, which may be repeated, leading to return of fluid, froth or food. The severe effort associated with vomiting may be distressing to the cat.

It is important to differentiate this from the abdominal contractions associated with coughing. Cats may cough up some froth which they subsequently swallow creating more confusion with vomiting. Cats usually crouch down on all four legs when coughing with the neck stretched out.

It is also helpful to differentiate vomiting from regurgitation, which is usually associated with problems affecting the esophagus or gullet. Features which help to differentiate vomiting from regurgitation include: –

• whether return of food involves abdominal contractions and effort
• whether the returned food is in the shape of a sausage
• whether the returned food is re-eaten
• the relation to feeding

Acute vomiting

Acute vomiting is vomiting that has been present for no more than 2-3 days. Most cases will respond quickly to simple treatment. The cause of such cases is often never established and may be due to relatively trivial factors such as eating spoiled food etc. In a minority of acute cases of vomiting, usually because the vomiting is severe leading to complications such as dehydration or because a more serious underlying cause is suspected, further tests, specific treatment and more supportive care will be required. Features that you may be able to identify that will help the veterinarian decide whether simple treatment or further investigations are appropriate would be:

• if the cat appears otherwise well or ill – depressed, lethargic or has any other specific signs
• if the cat is eating
• if there has been weight loss
• if there has been any blood in the vomit (a few specks of fresh blood may not be abnormal but more copious or persistent bleeding is significant)
• any pain or distress, particularly affecting the abdomen
• whether normal feces are being passed
• the frequency of vomiting
• the relationship of vomiting to feeding – particularly if there is a long delay
• any offensive odor to the vomitus
• what the cat has been fed
• any recent change of diet
• any possible access to other foods or other substances
• any treatment given recently
• whether other cats in the household are affected

Symptomatic treatment for vomiting

Symptomatic treatment is usually tried initially in mild cases of vomiting. It may involve a number of measures:

1. Withholding of food for 6-8 hours or as directed by your veterinarian.

2. Provision of an easily digested, bland diet.

A simple, easily digestible diet will normally be offered in small quantities. A diet based on boiled chicken or sometimes fish with rice is often used. It is important that the cat does not receive any other foods during this period. Water should be freely available and is important to combat dehydration. If the cat is progressing well, the quantity of food offered can be gradually increased back to normal over several days and then the cat’s normal diet reintroduced gradually over several days.

3. Drugs – certain medications are available to control vomiting and your veterinarian may advise the use of these.

Further investigation of vomiting

If the vomiting is severe or the veterinarian suspects a serious underlying problem, other treatment and diagnostic tests may be required. It may be necessary to hospitalize your cat so that intravenous fluids can be given to combat dehydration as well as correcting any imbalances in the levels of electrolytes. It will also be possible to administer drugs by injection as required to control the vomiting. In some less severe cases you may be asked to administer fluids and special solutions at home. You may be given a syringe to help you do this. You must be patient, giving only small quantities at frequent intervals. If your cat becomes unduly distressed, contact your veterinarian for instructions.

Further diagnostic tests may be required in cases of chronic vomiting when the cat has been vomiting for more than 2-3 weeks, even though the vomiting may be intermittent and the cat may appear otherwise well. Such cases can often not be successfully treated until the underlying cause has been determined. Some of the more commonly used tests are:

• Blood tests – to check for infections, kidney and liver problems, and provide other clues to the diagnosis.
• X-rays – may show abnormalities of the esophagus or stomach. It may be necessary to give barium to help identify any blockages, tumors, ulcers, foreign bodies, etc.
• Endoscopy – in some cases a diagnosis can be made by viewing the inside of the stomach directly through an endoscope, a flexible viewing tube, which is passed through the mouth under a general anesthetic.
• Laparotomy – in some cases an exploratory operation is necessary, particularly if some obstruction or blockage is suspected. This may also allow surgical treatment of the problem.

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After her cat had not eaten anything for nearly a week, Amy finally brought the cat to the vet. It turned out that the cat had an obstruction in her digestive tract that was preventing her from eating. Luckily, Amy got her cat to the vet in time, but waiting much longer could have led to a very different outcome.

What to Do When Your Cat is Sick

When humans or some animals, such as dogs, don’t eat for a week or even longer, their bodies will certainly feel it, but can usually handle it. Cats cannot. If a cat stops eating for any reason, her body cannot handle it, and the situation can quickly lead to liver problems that can be life-threatening.

Because cats are not, by nature, complainers, by the time your cat is displaying noticeable symptoms that something is wrong, it’s likely the problem has existed for a while.

The first rule when caring for a sick cat is to take it to the vet as soon as possible when something is not quite right. It is better to pay for an office visit and be on the safe side than to wait and end up with huge vet bills or, much worse, the loss of your beloved pet.

If your cat has diarrhea or is vomiting but the symptoms resolve after one day, a vet visit may not be necessary. Just be sure to observe your cat carefully. If the symptoms last longer than 24 hours or if they go away and then return, you should take your cat to the vet.

Many pet owners find themselves caring for a sick cat. These owners have taken their cat to the vet, had the problem diagnosed, and received instructions on giving medications and scheduling follow-up visits. While having a sick cat is never fun, there are several things you can do to make your pet more comfortable.

Making Your Sick Cat Comfortable

If you have other pets, try to isolate your sick cat from them, if possible. You could set up a special spot for your cat in a room that isn’t used often. For example, one pet owner installed a locking dog door on the door to a spare bedroom. Jean Rhodes’ cat was suffering from liver failure, and the recovery process, which included feeding the cat through a tube, would be lengthy. To make her cat as comfortable as possible, she placed the cat’s food and bedding in the spare room. She could lock the dog door to prevent the other animals from pestering her cat while she was at work, but then unlock it at night in case the cat wanted to come out and be with the family.

In addition to separating your cat from other pets, which is especially important if your cat has stitches or bandages, it’s also a good idea to limit the contact that small children have with the sick cat. Little children’s hugs can be quite rough, so always be present when they interact with the sick cat.

Providing comfortable bedding is another way to make your cat more comfortable. Be sure to keep the bedding clean and check it daily to ensure your cat hasn’t soiled it. Some cats will sleep in their litter box when they’re sick. To prevent this, consider setting up a cage (leave the door open so your cat can come and go) to provide a safe space where your cat can rest without needing to take refuge in the litter box.

If your cat must be confined to a cage, make sure there is enough bedding and check it daily for soiling. Keep the litter box very clean and wash the bedding at least twice a week.

You may have specific instructions from the vet about feeding your sick cat. If so, be sure to follow those directions to the letter. If not, avoid the temptation to give your cat “special” food while she’s recovering. Depending on the illness, she may require a bland diet or special food that is available by prescription only. If that’s the case, do not feed her anything other than those foods. Even if no special diet is required, stick to her normal diet and save special treats or changes in food for after she has fully recovered.

Depending on the illness, your cat may need to be cared for around the clock. If you are unable to provide this level of care, you may need to consider boarding your cat at an emergency pet hospital where constant care is available.

Caring for a sick cat is not one of the greatest joys of pet ownership, but it’s not as hard as you might think. Just keep in touch with your vet, inform them of any changes, follow their instructions carefully, and shower your cat with extra love and attention.

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The kidneys are vital organs in the body. Cats have two kidneys, which are responsible for constantly filtering the blood, separating waste products from the bloodstream, and expelling them through the urine. This process keeps unwanted waste products from accumulating in other organs, ensuring those organs function efficiently. The kidneys’ role is essential to life and is a constant process within the body.

Many factors, or a combination of factors, can cause parts of the kidneys to stop functioning properly. Diet, genetic predisposition, injury, and old age are all common causes of kidney failure. As kidney function declines, waste products begin to accumulate in the cat’s body, leading to symptoms such as weight loss, decreased appetite, depression, increased thirst, increased urination, and severe dehydration.

Types of Kidney Failure in Cats

There are two types of kidney failure: chronic and acute. Acute kidney failure in cats most often occurs as a secondary result of a major injury or illness that places significant strain or stress on the kidneys. As a result, the kidneys may stop functioning almost immediately, leading to a complete failure of the body’s filtration system. Acute kidney failure can be caused by cats ingesting toxins or other nephrotoxic substances. Exposure to even a small amount of some substances—such as ibuprofen, lilies, or antifreeze—can cause acute kidney failure, which is an immediate and life-threatening emergency. Treatment for acute kidney failure depends on the cause of the shutdown, the ability to remove the toxin from the cat’s body, and the extent of kidney damage. In some cases, dialysis may be required to artificially filter toxins from the blood for several days or weeks, allowing the kidneys time to recover and potentially resume normal function.

Chronic kidney failure in cats is much more common, and a high percentage of cats over the age of 12 have some degree of chronic kidney failure. As the term “chronic” implies, this condition develops over an extended period, and many cats with chronic kidney failure do not show strong clinical signs until they have had the problem for months or even years. In these cases, the most common cause of chronic kidney failure is simply age— as cats age, their kidneys do too, and eventually, they may wear out completely.

Recently, studies have also shown that diet can significantly impact the prevention of kidney failure in cats. By nature, cats are carnivores, and their bodies evolved to eat meat to survive. In the wild, cats eat nearly the entire content of their prey. Their protein comes from the bulk of the animal they catch, and most of their water intake comes directly from the kill. Cats evolved from desert animals, where water was scarce, so they had to rely on their prey as a primary source of hydration.

A cat’s diet should naturally contain around 65% water, which helps the kidneys filter more efficiently. However, domesticated cats are often fed dry food with minimal water content. To compensate for this dry food, cats need to drink supplemental water. Unfortunately, many cats do not drink enough, which leads to chronic dehydration, making the kidneys work harder to filter blood and potentially causing them to wear out faster than the rest of the body.

While there’s no way to completely prevent kidney failure, offering your cat a diet with higher moisture content, such as canned food, can help reduce the risk of kidney problems. Additionally, encouraging your cat to drink more water (e.g., using a water fountain) is beneficial in counteracting the conflict between their evolutionary needs and modern feeding habits.

Identifying kidney failure in its early stages is often difficult. The kidneys are resilient and can continue functioning at nearly normal levels until at least 70% of their function has been lost. For this reason, symptoms of kidney disease often appear only after the kidneys have already experienced significant damage. As your cat ages, routine veterinary exams, blood work, and urine analysis can detect kidney disease before severe damage occurs.

The main ways to identify and assess kidney failure are through two blood tests and a urine test. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and blood creatinine levels help evaluate kidney function, but they are less effective in determining whether the problem is acute or chronic, or in detecting early kidney failure. To diagnose early kidney failure, a urinalysis is also needed.

When the kidneys’ filtration process becomes compromised, the body adapts by increasing blood flow to the kidneys, which leads to more urine production. To prevent dehydration from the increased urine output, the cat drinks more water. This is reflected in the urinalysis as a drop in the concentration of waste products in the urine. As kidney function declines, the concentration of urine decreases.

If your cat is diagnosed with kidney failure, there are several common changes you can make to help ease the kidneys’ workload and support their function. Diet changes may be prescribed to reduce the protein levels in the food, which can be a stressor for the kidneys. Wet food may also be recommended over dry food. Fluid therapy, administered at home daily under the skin, is another excellent way to help ease the burden on the kidneys and improve their function.

With early diagnosis and treatment, many kidney problems in cats can be managed for months or even years. The most important aspect of diagnosing and treating kidney issues is to work closely with your veterinarian to determine the best treatments and actions for your cat.

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