Before diving in, it’s worth noting that many owners start researching tools like shock collars for dogs when they struggle with training challenges. While these devices can be part of a broader behaviour-management strategy, it’s essential to understand core training principles first to avoid relying too heavily on quick fixes.

Here are the biggest mistakes new pet owners make—and how to avoid them.

Inconsistent Commands and Rules

One of the fastest ways to confuse a pet is inconsistency. If one family member allows the dog on the couch while another tells them off for it, your pet receives mixed messages. Animals thrive when boundaries are clear, predictable and reinforced the same way every time.

How to fix it:

• Agree on household rules upfront.
• Use the same commands for key behaviours (e.g., “sit” instead of sometimes “sit down”).
• Reinforce behaviours consistently with rewards or redirection.

Expecting Results Too Quickly

Training takes time—sometimes more than you think. Puppies, for example, have short attention spans and can easily get overwhelmed. Rescue pets may need time to decompress before they can even begin learning new routines.

How to fix it:

• Break training into short, fun sessions.
• Celebrate incremental improvements.
• Understand that progress isn’t linear; setbacks are normal.

Using Punishment Instead of Positive Reinforcement

Many new owners instinctively respond to unwanted behaviour with punishment—raising their voice, yanking a lead or isolating the pet. Not only is this ineffective, but it can also damage trust.

How to fix it:

• Reward the behaviour you want rather than punishing what you don’t.
• Use treats, praise, play or access to favourite toys.
• Redirect unwanted behaviour calmly and consistently.

Socialising Too Late (or Too Little)

Socialisation is critical during a puppy or kitten’s development. Missing this window can lead to anxiety, reactivity or fear-based behaviour later on.

How to fix it:

• Introduce your pet to a variety of safe environments, animals and people early.
• Keep experiences positive and low-pressure.
• For older rescue pets, socialise gradually with patience and care.

Forgetting That Pets Need Mental Stimulation

Boredom is one of the biggest drivers of destructive or unwanted behaviours. Pets—especially intelligent breeds—need enrichment, not just exercise.

How to fix it:

• Rotate puzzle toys, chew items and enrichment games.
• Teach new tricks regularly; it challenges their brain and strengthens your bond.
• Provide daily exercise suited to their age and breed.

Ignoring Body Language

Animals constantly communicate through posture, tail position, facial expression and energy levels. Many behavioural issues escalate simply because the early warning signs were missed.

How to fix it:

• Learn the basics of pet body language.
• Watch for stress signals such as lip-licking, yawning, pacing or avoidance.
• Respond early by offering space, reassurance or redirection.

Not Setting Up the Right Environment

Training becomes much harder when the environment works against you. For example, trying to teach recall in a busy dog park is a recipe for frustration.

How to fix it:

• Begin training in quiet, distraction-free spaces.
• Gradually introduce new challenges as your pet becomes more confident.
• Use tools such as baby gates, crates or designated training zones.

Skipping Professional Help When It’s Needed

There’s no shame in needing guidance. Many behavioural challenges—even mild ones—can benefit from early support from a trainer, behaviourist or vet.

How to fix it:

• Book a session with a reputable positive-reinforcement trainer.
• Seek advice early before habits become entrenched.
• If behaviour changes suddenly, consult your vet to rule out medical causes.

Ready to get started?

Training a new pet is one of the most rewarding experiences you can have—but it takes patience, consistency and understanding. Avoiding these common mistakes sets the foundation for a calm, confident and well-adjusted companion. With the right techniques, a supportive environment and a focus on positive reinforcement, you’ll build a strong bond that lasts a lifetime.

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According to Dogs Trust, the cost of living crisis is hitting dog owners across the UK hard. Meanwhile, adoption numbers are falling as people tighten their belts in the face of a potential housing crisis, deciding that they simply cannot afford to take on a new dog.

Interest rate hikes and soaring energy prices have triggered inflation, with the cost of essentials like filling fuel tanks, heating homes and even just eating skyrocketing. Against this backdrop, not only are many families deciding against getting a dog but existing pet owners are struggling to provide for their beloved pets. Because of this, Dogs Trusts reports that it has received an unprecedented number of enquiries from pet owners who have run out of options and are desperate for help.

In July 2022, Dogs Trust reports that it received 4,370 enquiries from dog owners facing the prospect of giving up their dog in that month alone, representing the highest level since its records began. In the face of a huge increase in the cost of everyday living, record numbers of dog owners are struggling to care for their dogs. They are now finding that they can no longer afford the bare necessities of pet ownership, such as vets bills and even just pet food, which have increased significantly in price.

A YouGov poll of UK dog owners revealed that a staggering 48% agreed that they would find giving their dog all they needed more difficult compared to before the cost-of-living crisis. 48% of dog owners cited vet bills as their biggest pet-related financial concern for the coming year, with 23% most worried about dog food and 14% naming insurance as their biggest worry. Meanwhile, 61% of non-dog owners agreed that the rising cost of living would prevent them from buying or adopting a dog.

Owen Sharp is the CEO of Dogs Trust. He points out that the UK is heading towards a situation in which it will have a surplus of dogs. Nevertheless, with a deficit in people who can afford to give a home to a new dog, the outlook appears bleak. Mr Sharp said that although the charity could not promise miracles, Dogs Trust is always there to listen without judgement, talking through the options and giving dog owners the benefit of its knowledge.

Rising to this huge challenge, Dogs Trust is supporting dog owners, helping however it can during this difficult time. The charity has opened pet food banks at many of its rehoming centres to support people struggling to feed their dog. In addition, Dogs Trust is also supporting owners with discounted behaviour training, providing subsidised classes for those who need help with their dog’s behaviour or training and need financial assistance. Dogs Trust has made an urgent appeal to people with space in their homes for dogs that find it more difficult to find a home, such as dogs that are not house trained, big dogs and dogs with challenging behaviour.

The Dogs Trust Pet Food Bank scheme is operational at many rehoming centres, helping those who are struggling to feed their dogs. Dogs Trust Pet Food Bank locations include:

• Ballymena –  Northern Ireland
• Glasgow – Scotland
• Cardiff – Wales
• Basildon and Colchester – Essex
• Canterbury and Maidstone – Kent
• Darlington – County Durham
• Harefield – London
• Lewknor – Oxfordshire
• Merseyside – Liverpool
• Newbury – Berkshire
• Penrith – Cumbria
• Salisbury – Wiltshire
• Snetterton – Norfolk
• Shoreham –  West Sussex

In order to support dog owners struggling with the current economic climate, Dogs Trust recently called upon the UK government to pause VAT on both vet services and pet food. Dogs Trust’s ‘Paws the VAT’ campaign calls for VAT exemption on all pet food and veterinary services and medicines for a 12-month period in order to ease financial pressures on pet owners and help more dogs stay with their loving families where they belong.

Dogs Trust warns that, with prices rapidly increasing, the UK is heading towards an animal welfare crisis, with 31% of dog owners worried about the cost of caring for their pet in the coming year. 54% of respondents agreed that managing vet bills would ease their concerns about taking care of their dog, while 43% said that removing VAT on pet food would help.

Inundated with desperate calls from dog owners struggling to provide for their pet, Dogs Trust has called upon the UK Government to take urgent action. The charity received more than 50,000 enquiries from owners who could no longer afford to take care of their pets in 2022 and warns that this devastating situation could get worse if the government does not take urgent action.

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Dogs’ poor short-term memory can significantly impact their daily lives, especially when their humans come home after a long day at work only to find that Rover has chewed up a good shoe or a couch pillow. It may be tempting to punish Rover for his misdeed, but unless you catch him in the act, he’ll have no idea why he’s being punished. Instead, he may come to associate the punishment with your arrival home from work. This could leave him confused, stressed, and fearful of you. You certainly don’t want that!

Long-Term Memory: Emotional Associations and Impressions

Long-term memory, often referred to as “associative” or “imprint” memory, is indefinite. This is where dogs “remember” the room in the house where they are most likely to receive a treat or associate your putting on a specific pair of shoes or coat with going for a walk. Scientists believe dogs can form long-term memories based on a variety of experiences, but those with highly positive or negative connotations tend to stand out the most.

“Important events, such as those related to food and survival, and events with emotional impact, are more likely to be stored in long-term memory,” says Claudia Fugazza, a researcher at the Department of Ethology at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest.

The timing of experiences is also crucial for the formation of long-term memories. Puppies are most impressionable between 3 and 12 weeks of age. “Puppies and kittens both go through a rapid learning phase early in life, where they form memories that influence their behavior for the rest of their lives,” explains Dr. Kersti Seksel, a registered veterinary specialist in behavioral medicine at Sydney Animal Behaviour Service in Australia. “During this period, it’s vital to expose them to proper socialization, training, and conditioning.”

It’s also possible to help a dog transform a negative long-term memory into a positive one, according to one veterinarian. For example, if we respond to our dog’s stress at the vet clinic by becoming anxious ourselves, “the memory of the building, the smells, and the people in that building will forever be scary.” To address this, the vet suggests periodic “happy visits” to the clinic, where the dog receives a treat, some love, or simply comes in and leaves without any stress. This approach has led to complete turnarounds in the demeanor and behavior of many dogs.

What’s most important to remember about our dogs and their memories is that they don’t remember the way humans do. They probably don’t recall the day you brought them home or the day you rescued them from the shelter. Their only lasting memory of the shelter may be an anxiety around cages. Their short-term, or “working,” memory is inadequate for remembering events like tearing into the garbage while you were away. Therefore, punishing them for such actions makes no sense, as they won’t understand the reason behind it. With a short-term memory span of just 70 seconds, you must catch them in the act for any punishment to make sense.

What is clear, however, is that dogs remember YOU, they love you, and they look to you for guidance, safety, security, and that love that only you can provide.

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The Labrador is so dominant in our culture that nearly any short haired medium sized black dog is deemed a “Lab cross”. By the standard they actually are 22-1/2 to 24-1/2 inches at the shoulder, with females slightly smaller, and weigh 65-80 pounds.

This is a breed that was developed to work. The extreme variety of work they have eagerly taken on and learned is a testimony to the breeding for function. A short, dense, hard coat allows the breed to work in all types of weather. Black, yellow or chocolate is the accepted colors, with a distinct thick tail that isn’t like any other breed. The purebred labrador is a square, stocky dog that has the image of power, a dog that moves freely without being too heavy.

The typical Labrador enjoys being outside with people, and especially is drawn to water. This is instinctive as they have long been used for retreiving waterfowl for hunters, and further back than that were developed for water work.

The breed was developed for work in harsh, wet climates assisting with fishing nets on boats. Their love of water and retrieving meant they were also eager to get birds downed by hunters. The Lab of today traces back to pedigrees in 1878. The breed itself goes back further, but in their native Newfoundland they nearly became extinct due to dog taxes, quarantine laws and crossbreeding. The AKC first recognized the breed in 1917.

A relatively small section of the breed is maintained as show dogs – for those interested in the physical standard it can be found at the AKC – but for many the real value in the breed comes in their training and versatility.

The Labrador excels at a wide variety of duties and activities. A few of these include: Search and Rescue, search K-9, service dogs, seeing eye dogs, hunting dogs,carting, tracking, a wide variety of dog sports and of course family pets.

The Labrador is a friendly dog that loves people and is eager to be active. Some of the more “hyper” dogs that have been holy terrors in the home were bored – and given active jobs of search dogs became wonderful companions also. They love to play but take discipline and strict handling.

From a young age teach your Labrador not to pull on the leash – when he gets big his powerful neck can make for some uncomfortable experiences and unpleasant walks. Labs are highly intelligent, and can be quite dominant in attitude. As puppies they need structure and training as they can be incredibly destructive without it. They are lively and play hard.

Generally speaking the Lab lives 10-12 years with good care. Their negative qualities of dominance, somewhat exhuberant and active can be molded into good things.

Lab heroes are many. Jake, found wandering and injured as young adult, became a certified rescue dog, on call to respond to disasters of all kinds. From work as a certified therapy dog to working the rubble of the World Trade Center and the remains of Hurricane Katrina, Jake was an inspiration. When he died at age 12 from cancer in July 2007 it made national news.

More recently, a Labrador bit the foot of his young owner, home with a friend and sleeping in a basement bedroom, until they woke up. He is credited with saving their lives as upstairs part of the home was on fire.

A K-9 search dog was called in following a warehouse fire. It was suspected there was someone inside the building but the task was incredible, with six feet of ash. “Ruger” located the spot the remains were and confirmed a homeless man was in the building.

While detection dogs are often associated with narcotic dogs there are many other things the Labrador is trained to find. Explosives, illegal wildlife, propane leaks, accelerant (helpful in arson fires), and many other things can be taught to a search dog. Dogs have even walked the crowd at a fire and found the arsonist by alerting on the ignitable liquids present on clothing and hands but undetected by humans.

The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association uses almost exclusively Labradors and German Shepherds for their training and work. These dogs are large enough to lead but small enough to lay under the table in restaurants or in other public places. Temperament, intelligence and versatility are hallmarks of these dogs, which also are factors the Labrador has, making them ideal for the work.

There are other types of hearing dogs. Hearing and signal dogs alert the owner to a doorbell, telephone, smoke alarm and other things the person may not hear. Other dogs accompany their owners, picking up things that are dropped, opening and closing doors and if needed pulling wheelchairs.

Therapy dogs and seizure alert dogs are but two more ways these dogs serve humans. These every day heroes in many facets of service are often seen and misunderstood. They are pets but first and formost they are working dogs. Don’t pet or feed a working service dog without expressed permission.

Even the “ordinary” Labrador can easily be taught many useful tasks without being a full-fledged service dog. One helps an unsteady owner by bracing while she steadies herself after standing.

An ideal outlet for the Labrador is as a hunter, something they excel at. Swimming into the water to bring back ducks is a skill they can do, and the “soft” mouth does so without harming the feathers, skin or meat of the duck.

Because of their love of water, dogs that have access to it should be watched for water getting in the ear and causing problems. The condition of these dogs, because they are stocky anyway, should be monitored closely to keep them from being too fat or too thin.

Unfortunately, like all dogs, Labradors are susceptible to health issues. When purchasing a pup keep in mind the breed is prone to hip and elbow dysplasia, PRA and other eye disorders. Clean lines from healthy stock makes a big difference. They have a tendency to gain too much weight, something that needs closely monitored. Dwarfism, muscle myopathy and hypothyroidism also can affect the breed.

Genetic testing of the parents makes a difference as many issues are genetic. A litter of 7-8 puppies is not unusual and up to 10 is possible. For this reason be very careful when breeding and do so only to improve the breed, with a goal in mind.

Some pet food companies have a dog food formulated for the specific needs of the Labrador, marketed as a breed based food.

There are many reasons the Labrador is the #1 dog, but the myriad of tasks they do, the trainability and intelligence and their adapting to so many situations are but a few. They’re a great dog for an active family. They can easily be a seasonal hunter, a family pet and a household assistance dog.

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Simply put, static electricity is caused by the buildup of electrons on an object. When two objects with different charges come into contact, electrons transfer from one material to the other. This movement of electrons causes the static shock you experience.

On your pet, hair follicles repel each other when positive charges accumulate on the coat. Low-humidity environments (like a home heated in winter) can create ideal conditions for static electricity in your pet’s coat, leading to tangles and unintentional shocks when you touch them.

Get the Dry Out! A dry, low-humidity environment is the most favorable condition for static electricity. If you live in an area with cold winters, forced air heaters may be a part of your life for much of the year. While these heaters do a good job of keeping you warm, they also strip the air of the moisture needed to prevent excessive static electricity.

You can increase humidity in your home while staying warm by using a humidifier throughout the winter months. This will raise the moisture level in your home, helping to combat dry skin, scratchy throats, and reduce static electricity.

When you brush your dog, consider using a coat conditioner, detangler, or even a light mist of water to slightly dampen the coat before you begin. Adding moisture will reduce friction and help minimize static shocks during grooming.

After bathing your pet, use a dog-specific conditioner. This will help the hair retain moisture, making it more difficult for a static charge to accumulate.

Change Materials If your pet wears a sweater or jacket, ensure it is made of natural fibers. Synthetic materials tend to accumulate more static charge than natural fibers like cotton.

Remove Your Static If you frequently experience shocks while petting your dog, changing your clothing material may help reduce them. Since friction causes the buildup of static energy, walking on carpeted floors in socks or certain shoes can create static that discharges when you touch your pet. In cases where static is a major concern, consider wearing shoes designed to prevent static buildup.

In addition to keeping your dog’s coat moisturized, keeping your hands well-moisturized can also reduce static shocks. Regular lotion works well, as do specific static-reducing creams that can help minimize shocks.

Get Creative Many pet owners have found creative ways to reduce static in their pets’ coats. Using anti-static dryer sheets is a common method; rubbing one of these sheets over your dog’s coat can often reduce static, though it may only be a temporary solution and might need to be reapplied multiple times a day.

Some people have even resorted to using clothing anti-static spray on their pets. This is not recommended, as these products often contain ingredients that can be harmful or toxic to pets if ingested. In addition to making your dog sick, the aerosol nature of these sprays can trigger allergies and other issues.

Dealing with static and pets can be a tricky dilemma. Using a humidifier and adding moisture to your pet’s coat can be your best defense against static, ensuring you and your pet enjoy a less shocking relationship.

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Diarrhea is always a symptom of an underlying problem and not a disease in itself. It can range from occasional loose stools to a continuous watery stream of feces. Unfortunately, many potential causes exist, and determining the cause may require collaboration between you and your veterinarian.

One of the most common causes of diarrhea is intestinal upset. A sudden change in diet, an unfamiliar treat, or feeding table scraps can trigger diarrhea. If the diarrhea is not severe and your dog continues to feel and act normally, it can often be resolved at home. Withholding food for 24 hours allows the dog’s digestive system to settle (while ensuring continued water intake). After 24 hours, you can offer small amounts of a bland diet, such as white rice and chicken. If the diarrhea subsides, you can gradually reintroduce their original diet and transition slowly to the new one. However, if diarrhea does not improve or worsens, veterinary treatment may be required.

To avoid intestinal upsets from dietary changes, all food transitions should occur over several days, allowing your dog to adjust to the new food. For the first three days, feed ¼ of the new diet and ¾ of the old food. If your dog is doing well, continue with half of each for another three days, then transition to ¼ old food and ¾ new food for an additional three days. This gradual approach helps minimize intestinal upset and reduces the risk of diarrhea.

Although many dogs receive table scraps, care must be taken to ensure that human foods are not too rich for their systems. Fatty foods can cause diarrhea and vomiting, and may also lead to pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas that can result in chronic digestive issues. Additionally, while dogs enjoy many types of meat we consume, the form they are accustomed to (in their dog food) is highly processed. Giving large amounts of meat from human plates can be too rich and cause diarrhea. It’s also crucial to remember that dogs should NEVER be given turkey or chicken bones, as these can splinter and puncture the stomach and intestines.

Intestinal Parasites Can Cause Diarrhea in Dogs

Intestinal parasites are a common cause of diarrhea in dogs. Various types of parasites can infect dogs, and diarrhea is often one of the most frequent symptoms of such infections.

Roundworms are among the most commonly seen intestinal parasites in puppies. Although roundworms are not typically active in most adult dogs, puppies are particularly susceptible to their presence and effects. Dogs ingest roundworm eggs from contaminated soil, and puppies can receive them from their mothers. As the eggs hatch in the intestine, the larvae are carried to the lungs via the bloodstream. From the lungs, the worms crawl up the windpipe, causing gagging and coughing before returning to the intestine to mature. Roundworms can grow up to seven inches long and appear spaghetti-like—long and thin. Signs of infestation include a pot-bellied appearance, poor growth, and a rough, dull coat. Diarrhea and vomiting may also occur, and the dog may expel worms in their stool or vomit. If unchecked, these worms can lead to pneumonia, intestinal obstructions, and death.

Hookworms can affect dogs of all ages but are most common in warmer, humid climates. They are transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated feces. Mature hookworms attach to the intestinal lining and feed on the blood supply. In pregnant dogs, hookworms can migrate into the fetuses, infesting the puppies even before birth. Hookworms can be particularly devastating for puppies, leading to severe anemia, weakness, and bloody diarrhea.

While not a worm, Giardia is an intestinal parasite caused by a single-celled organism that resides in the intestines of infected animals. Recent research shows that Giardia is present in up to 11% of the general pet population and as many as 50% of puppies. It can be transmitted from pet to pet, through contaminated feed or water, and through soil. Pets who frequent dog parks, doggy daycare, or kennels are at a higher risk for infection. The most common symptom of Giardia is diarrhea of varying severity, although many infected animals may show no symptoms for extended periods, making routine testing vital.

Coccidia is another single-celled organism that infects the small intestine of dogs. Some dogs with coccidia show no signs of illness, while others may experience severe bouts of watery stools and bloody diarrhea, vomiting, depression, fever, and even death due to severe dehydration. These serious side effects are most common in puppies and adult dogs suffering from other illnesses.

Diarrhea in puppies is particularly concerning, as it is often the first symptom of severe and potentially fatal viral diseases such as parvovirus, coronavirus, and distemper.

Parvovirus is most commonly found in young, unvaccinated dogs or those who have not completed their vaccination series. The virus attacks and kills the cells in the intestinal lining, preventing the dog from absorbing nutrients and liquids. Dogs with parvo typically develop a high fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite. Profuse, liquid diarrhea occurs as intestinal damage progresses, and the stool may be foul-smelling or contain blood. This condition can lead to severe dehydration, shock, and death, often proving fatal even with aggressive treatment. Vaccination is the best prevention against parvo.

Like parvo, the coronavirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastrointestinal issues. While adult dogs may experience mild symptoms and recover within days without treatment, puppies can develop far more serious infections and complications. Signs of coronavirus are similar to parvo, including profuse watery diarrhea, which, if left untreated, can cause severe dehydration and secondary complications.

Canine distemper virus is a devastating, highly contagious disease that primarily affects unvaccinated dogs and puppies. The virus typically targets the brain, intestinal tract, and upper respiratory system. A high fever is usually the first sign of infection, accompanied by coughing, sneezing, and green nasal discharge. As the virus progresses, it affects the intestinal tract, causing vomiting and dark, tarry diarrhea. Eventually, the virus can travel to the brain and spinal cord, leading to seizures and uncontrollable twitching.

There is no cure for distemper; medical treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and supporting the dog’s body during the infection. Even with aggressive treatment, distemper is often fatal, and survivors may suffer lifelong neurological issues. Vaccination is the best way to prevent distemper.

Other causes of acute diarrhea in dogs can include bacterial infections (such as salmonella and E. coli), toxin exposure (from insecticides and lead), and even stress.

Treatment for acute diarrhea in dogs focuses on diagnosing and correcting the underlying issue. If your dog has had loose stools for less than 24 hours but is otherwise acting normally (with a normal energy level and eating and drinking normally), you may choose a conservative approach and monitor their condition. However, if your dog shows any additional signs of distress or has had increasing amounts of diarrhea for any length of time, a visit to the veterinarian is required.

Your veterinarian will take a full history of your dog’s condition, including when the diarrhea first started and any possible precipitating factors. After a comprehensive physical exam, your veterinarian may recommend:

Fecal testing: A sample of the diarrhea will be obtained and checked for evidence of parasites such as roundworms and coccidia. An antigen test may also be performed on the fecal sample to check for Giardia.

Fecal cultures may be recommended to test for the presence of bacteria in the stool, such as salmonella.

Blood work: Blood chemistry tests assess various body systems and provide insights into the health of your dog’s major organs, such as the kidneys and liver. A complete blood count (CBC) evaluates the components of your dog’s blood, including red and white blood cells and platelets. The CBC can help diagnose or rule out infection as a potential cause of your dog’s diarrhea.

Parvo test: In puppies, a parvovirus antigen test may be performed. This quick “snap” test uses a small sample of feces, with results typically available within minutes. The sooner parvo is diagnosed and treated, the better the chance of a favorable outcome for your puppy.

X-rays: Radiographs of your dog’s abdomen may be recommended to rule out potential intestinal obstructions or foreign bodies that may have been ingested.

Treatment for your dog’s diarrhea will depend on what your vet suspects might be causing it. In cases of intestinal upset, a bland diet may be all that’s needed to settle

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Contrary to the long-standing belief that barking is simply a response to boredom, current research shows that it is a specific form of communication used by dogs, along with body language and olfactory (smell) signals. There are several types of barks, each with a distinct sound and purpose.

Types of Barking and Their Causes

Warning barks are the most common type of barking, and most people encourage and accept this type of barking. These barks are meant to alert others to potential danger or a suspicious person. As a person approaches, warning barks may become more rapid and forceful. Aggressive barks are similar to warning barks but tend to be lower in pitch and are often accompanied by growling.

A dog stuck outside will commonly voice its concern through isolation barks. These barks are usually higher-pitched than warning barks and often occur as single barks in an increasingly insistent tone, as if to say, “Remember me? I’m OUT HERE!”

In addition, dogs have different types of barks for play, boredom, fear, and anxiety. While this barking is all part of normal behavior, some dogs are more frequent and excessive barkers than others, and this can often become a serious training issue.

In moderation, all of the above types of barking are perfectly normal. However, excessive barking can become a pathological problem for your dog, leading to obsessive-compulsive behavior, which can disrupt your home, your community, and even endanger your dog’s life if ignored.

The first step to curb excessive barking is to rule out possible underlying medical causes. Dogs who bark excessively may be suffering from separation anxiety, cognitive disorders, chronic diseases, or pain. These problems typically cause the dog to feel more anxious and restless, making them more likely to respond vocally to stimuli. Older dogs, in particular, may begin to suffer from neurological changes, hearing and vision loss, more frequent trips to relieve themselves, and discomfort—all of which may make them more prone to vocalizing.

Genetics can also play a part in excessive barking. Breeds such as hounds, dogs bred as watchdogs, and many working breeds are more prone to excessive barking.

Once medical causes have been ruled out, it’s important to examine the dog’s living situation to identify obvious causes of the barking that could be altered to provide fewer stimuli. For instance, a dog that sits by a window all day and barks at passing people might be easily remedied by installing a set of curtains. If your dog barks while outside and you are gone for the day, try changing their scenery by bringing them inside or finding a quieter indoor area to confine them with fewer distractions. Dogs left outside in the yard tend to bark more in response to boredom and loneliness, so increasing your interaction with them and going for more frequent walks can help satisfy their needs and curb the barking.

Behavior modification aims to address the underlying causes of the behavior while changing the dog’s response to stimuli through positive reinforcement. Consulting with a dog trainer or behaviorist will greatly increase your chances of success with behavior modification. It is easiest to accomplish with younger dogs that are still more trainable, and investing in proper training while they are young will improve your relationship in the long run.

A more severe form of behavior modification involves anti-bark collars, which use negative reinforcement to teach the dog not to bark. These collars come in two basic forms. The electrical stimulation collar automatically delivers a small shock to the dog when he barks. If the barking continues, the strength of the shock is increased until the barking stops. Because the collar is automated, you do not need to be present for it to correct your dog’s behavior. When your dog is quiet, no correction occurs.

Citronella collars are similar to electrical stimulation collars, but instead of a shock, they deliver a sudden mist of herbal spray into the dog’s face. Because dogs naturally have an aversion to citronella, they learn to avoid the correction by reducing their barking.

Dogs suffering from separation anxiety often bark excessively and may not respond as well to behavior modification and training as other dogs. Your veterinarian may recommend medication to reduce anxiety, in addition to behavior modification exercises, to make your dog more comfortable.

Although excessive barking can be one of the most frustrating and disruptive habits to curb, a careful approach using a combination of training, behavior modification, and potentially training aids or medication can help reduce your dog’s barking, restoring peace to your household.

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But are bones good for dogs? What about chews like rawhide, which can serve as a substitute for bones for dogs whose owners are uneasy giving them bones? Do the health benefits outweigh the potential risks? This article will explore the benefits and risks associated with feeding your dog bones and other chew items that can serve as alternatives.

Bones

It’s important to note that experts do not agree on whether pet owners should feed bones to their dogs. Some cite the nutritional value as reason enough to include an occasional bone in their pet’s diet. Others argue that the risks outweigh the benefits and that the serious injuries possible from eating bones should be enough reason to avoid giving them to dogs.
In the end, each pet owner must decide whether or not to give bones to their dogs. A bit of research can help pet owners feel confident they are making the best decision for their pet.

Despite the claim that bones are a great source of nutrition, the truth is that bones contain no vitamins at all. In fact, the only useful elements found in bone are calcium and phosphorus. Both are important for a dog’s overall health but are easily found in other foods.

There is no research proving that bones are essential for a dog’s health. Any health benefits might come from the meat and tissue that are still present on the bone when the dog consumes it.

Although some may say bones are a good source of nutrition, the truth is that there is little nutritional value in bones. Some even claim that a dog cannot be at his healthiest without bones. However, veterinarians who have been practicing for years see many dogs that live to a ripe old age without ever having had a single bone.

Of course, dogs in the wild eat bones, and some cite that as proof they must be healthy or necessary. But even if dogs in the wild need bones (and there’s no solid evidence for this), does that mean bones are the healthiest choice for domesticated dogs, for whom other options are readily available? Sure, if you gave your dog a choice between a bone and a bowl of healthy kibble, there’s a good chance he’d choose the bone. But, then again, if you gave him a choice between kibble or something from the cat’s litter box, he’d probably go for the litter box snack. The point is that you can’t always trust your pet’s instincts to make the healthiest dietary choices.

Many experts agree that the potential problems associated with eating bones make them a poor choice as a treat for your dog.

Some dogs, although admittedly a minority, are allergic to the marrow in bones and may become violently ill within hours of eating it. But that’s not the greatest danger. As bones break, they splinter. Usually, these splinters pass through the stool. However, there’s a chance the splinter will become lodged in the intestines or remain in the stomach. Also, if a dog swallows a larger chunk of bone, it can get stuck in the stomach or liver.

The health problems that result from such incidents can be very serious and, at best, lead to a stay in the hospital with hefty vet bills. At worst, the dog could die from the injuries.

Additionally, a dog’s teeth can crack from chewing on hard bones, leading to the potential for serious infections.

One solution for those who are sold on the health benefits of bones is to use ground bones. In fact, some commercial dog foods include ground bone in their recipes. This way, your dog can get whatever nutritional value is present in bones without the associated risks.

Alternatives to Feeding Dog Bones

Much of the appeal of bones is that dogs enjoy chewing on them. If you’d like to replace that aspect of bones for your pooch, there are many options available.

Rawhide
Rawhide, made from cow skin, is probably the most common chew item for dogs, but it is not without its own risks. If a dog swallows a chunk of rawhide, it will likely digest over time and not require surgical intervention. However, it can still make your dog very uncomfortable. When the rawhide becomes small enough for the dog to swallow, it should be taken away.

Pig Ears
Pig ears are very high in fat, so they aren’t the best choice for a dog struggling with weight. Because of their high fat content, pig ears should only be given as an occasional treat.

Pizzle Sticks
Pizzle sticks are lower in fat than pig ears and make a better choice for overweight dogs.
There are other animal products, such as lamb lung and pig tails, available for your dog’s chewing pleasure. No matter what you give your dog for chewing, whether it’s a bone or an alternative, you should always supervise your dog while he enjoys his treat to ensure he doesn’t choke on a large piece.

Whether or not you choose to give your dog bones, remember to weigh the risks against the benefits when making your decision.

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Cancer is a general term that encompasses over a hundred disease-types, involving the growth of abnormal cells. Cells in the body are constantly growing old or becoming damaged, and new cells that are exact replicas replace them. A careful balance exists where there are the same number of new cells are produced as there are dying off- and if this balance is disrupted, extra cells begin to replicate, undergo genetic changes, and it is these excess, mutated cells that gather together to form masses and tumors.

There are two types of tumors in dogs- malignant (cancerous) and benign (non-cancerous). Benign tumors are masses that for the most part stay contained within their own constraints, and do not typically invade surrounding tissues. Benign tumors may appear unsightly, but rarely cause severe health problems as a direct result of their presence.

In contrast, malignant tumors are made up of cells that are highly invasive, and have the ability to break away from the place they were formed to travel throughout the body via the bloodstream and lymphatic system. Once these cells have spread to other organs, the cancer has metastasized, and the cells have the ability to initiate new tumors throughout the body.

Types of Cancers in Dogs

While there are over a hundred types of cancers in dogs that can occur, there are several types that can compete for the dubious honor of most common types of cancers. In general, malignant cancers fall into two sub-categories.

Originating from epithelial cells (skin cells that cover the lining of body surfaces), Carcinomas can occur on the skin, bladder wall, and blood vessels that then pass into the surrounding tissues and organs.

Tumors originating from connective tissues (muscles, cartilage and lymphatic tissue) are sarcomas.

Lymphosarcoma, or lymphoma, is a type of cancer that occurs in the dogs’ lymphatic system, a cornerstone of the immune system. While lymphoid tissue is common in many parts of the body, cancers typically occur in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen and skin.

Pets affected with lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract may have chronic vomiting, weight loss and decreased appetite, while a less common cutaneous, or skin form of the disease may cause the sudden appearance of multiple skin lesions and lumps. The most common form of lymphoma occurs in the lymph nodes, with lethargy and lymph node swelling the most common signs.

While lymphoma most often occurs in older dogs (over 7 years old), there is no strong breed disposition, and any pet can develop lymphoma. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice in lymphoma, and may be employed in conjunction with anti-inflammatory medications. Lymphoma is considered one of the more treatable cancers, with good long-term survival rates when aggressive treatment is initiated.

Hemangiosarcoma is a sarcoma cancer that forms in the blood vessels, and develops in blood-rich areas of the body such as the spleen, liver and heart. Hemangiosarcoma’s typically go unnoticed for a period of time after onset, during which time they are quietly growing, accumulating infected blood vessels. When the tumor gets too large to stay intact, it may rupture, leading to severe weakness and anemia as a result of the loss of blood from the tumor. This initial episode is often the first symptom of the bigger, more serious problem going on, and by the time it occurs, the internal organ the tumor has resided has become heavily damaged.

Older dogs are most prone to hemangiosarcomas, and of these, several breeds, including German Shepherds and Golden Retrievers, have a much higher incidence of it’s occurrence than others.

Cancers in dogs that originate in the bones are Osteosarcomas. While they account for only 5% of all cancers in dogs, osteosarcomas are extremely painful, difficult to treat and have a poor long terms survival rate. Swelling and lameness are the most common symptoms, and radiographs will often readily show their presence. These tumors have an extremely high rate of metastasis, often traveling to the lungs where they quickly become deadly.

Osteosarcomas are common to large and giant breeds of dogs, including Rottweilers, Dobermans, Great Danes and Saint Bernard’s. Studies have shown that dogs weighing 80 lbs or more are 60 times more likely to become affected with osteosarcomas than smaller dogs, though the exact causes of this are not currently known. Typically amputation of the affected bone is performed (whenever possible) but due to the high prevalence of spread to the lungs, survival rates for osteosarcoma are generally poor.

Unlike many other cancers in dogs, mammary carcinomas in dogs are highly preventable. Studies have shown that in female dogs spayed before their first heat cycle, their risk of developing mammary cancer is 0.05%. This number rises to 8% in dogs spayed after their first heat, and 26% in dogs spayed after their second heat. By spaying your female dog before her first heat cycle, you can virtually guarantee she will not develop malignant mammary cancer.

Found most commonly in unsprayed, middle-aged female dogs, malignant mammary cancer in dogs is somewhat similar to breast cancer in humans. These tumors appear as a solid mass or several small growths or swellings, easily felt under the skin. They can appear suddenly and grow rapidly, necessitating quick action on your part in order for treatment to be initiated quickly.

Once it has developed in the mammary glands, mammary cancer can spread throughout the body through the lymph nodes, located close to the mammary glands. The nodes release cancer cells into the lungs and liver, creating secondary cancers in those locations. Surgical removal as soon as a mass appears is the best treatment, and further treatment may be required depending on the spread and involvement of surrounding tissues to the tumor.

Mast cell tumors are the most common type of malignant skin tumor in dogs. Formed by special cells that contain “attack” enzymes that can break down proteins of invading parasites into the body, mast cells are a component of the immune system and their unique make up makes them a distinctively behaving cancer. Mast cells form on the surface of the skin, and can appear in a variety of ways, making their diagnosis nearly impossible without a biopsy.

Once they occur, mast cell tumors can quickly grow from small “skin tag”-like growths on the surface to the skin to invading full thickness of the skin, and progressing to the lymph nodes for systemic infection. Surgery is often indicated in order to remove the affected tissue, and in conjunction with chemotherapy and radiation a complete cure is often possible in early stages of the disease.

Cancer of any type is a scary diagnosis for any pet owner, but with advances in diagnosis, treatment and medicines, it is not always a death sentence for dogs. Veterinary oncologists are a rapidly growing segment of the veterinary landscape, and their guidance and care for your dog can significantly improve his or her chances for surviving cancer.

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Lungworms in dogs are tricky parasites that can be difficult to diagnose. They cause symptoms similar to those of several other varied conditions, making it challenging and often prolonged to determine lungworms as the cause of respiratory problems in dogs.

Caused by the parasitic nematode Oslerus (filaroides) osleri, lungworms are Strongylida parasites that infect the lungs of many mammals. There are several types of lungworms, which, in different ways, infect animals and migrate to the lungs and lower respiratory tract of their chosen host. This migration leads to various respiratory issues, such as bronchitis and pneumonia.

While lungworm infections are more commonly seen in livestock, such as cattle, sheep, and goats, they frequently cause significant losses worldwide. Most livestock farms implement periodic broad-spectrum deworming programs to control and treat these infections.

In dogs, lungworms most commonly affect puppies, who become infected through the saliva or feces of an infected dog, usually their mother. The parasite lives in the nodules of the trachea, laying eggs in the mucus membranes of the trachea. These eggs hatch into large numbers of parasites that then travel further into the bronchi and respiratory tract.

The most common symptoms of lungworm infection include airway irritation and persistent coughing. However, because lungworms are not terribly common in dogs, and there are many other more frequent causes of these symptoms, a process of elimination is necessary to diagnose the cause and treat the underlying condition.

Before lungworms are considered as a cause for coughing in younger dogs (less than 2 years old), the following conditions should also be considered, as they are far more widespread.

Common Respiratory Issues to Consider in Dogs

Acute infectious tracheobronchitis, or Kennel Cough, is so named because of the highly contagious and quickly spreading nature of the infection. Most often caused by the bacteria Bordetella bronchiseptica or the virus canine adenovirus, kennel cough is spread through the air by infected dogs sneezing and coughing, as well as through exposure to contaminated surfaces. It is most common in areas where dogs are housed together or come into contact with each other, such as kennels, pet stores, shelters, dog shows, and groomers.

The hallmark symptom of kennel cough is a harsh, hacking, non-productive cough and a gagging “reverse sneeze.” The coughing may occur at any time during the day, but it is most often noticeable when the dog is excited, exercising, or when pressure is placed on the trachea (such as when walked on a collar and leash). Most dogs infected with kennel cough do not show any other signs of illness except for the distinctive cough. Fortunately, kennel cough symptoms are generally self-limiting, and most cases will resolve without medical intervention within 14 days. However, in rare cases, the disease can progress to life-threatening pneumonia. Your veterinarian can prescribe medication to help shorten the length and severity of symptoms. The best prevention for kennel cough is vaccination and limiting exposure to areas where kennel cough is commonly seen.

In young puppies, other parasites, such as roundworms, should be considered when coughing and respiratory problems are present. As many as 85% of puppies are born with roundworms, transmitted from their mother’s milk. Roundworm eggs hatch in the intestine, and the larvae are carried to the lungs via the bloodstream to mature. The worms then crawl up the trachea, causing coughing, gagging, and retching, until they are swallowed and taken back to the intestine to grow into adults.

Roundworms, which resemble spaghetti, can grow up to seven inches long and mature quickly, causing severe side effects in puppies as young as a few weeks old. Along with coughing, symptoms include a pot-bellied appearance, poor coat condition, and worms in the stool. If left unchecked, roundworms can lead to pneumonia, intestinal obstructions, and even death.

Heartworm infection is a much more dangerous and potentially deadly parasite that lives in the heart of infected animals. Caused by the parasitic roundworm Dirofilaria immitis, heartworm is spread through the intermediate host, the mosquito. An infected mosquito bite spreads heartworm larvae through the bloodstream, and adult worms come to rest in the pulmonary artery of the dog, where they can live for many years.

Signs Your Dog May Have Heartworms

Dogs show virtually no signs of heartworm infection until the worms have matured and reproduced. Adult worms can grow up to 30cm in length. The main symptom of heartworm is coughing, which typically starts only during exercise and progresses to coughing up blood, congestive heart failure, and eventually death. Heartworms are prevalent in virtually every part of the United States and Canada, as well as many other parts of the world. Treatment of heartworm is difficult, expensive, and often dangerous. However, heartworm disease is completely preventable with monthly prophylactic medications, available through your veterinarian.

Allergies, allergic bronchitis, and pneumonia must also be considered as possible causes of coughing and respiratory issues. Your veterinarian will examine your pet, take a complete medical history, and decide which tests may be necessary to assist in diagnosis. Chest X-rays to check for pneumonia or abnormal lung appearance may be recommended, as well as blood tests to determine if an infection is present or to test for heartworm disease. If other potential causes of coughing are ruled out, lungworms may then be considered as the culprit. A fecal examination is the most common way to diagnose lungworms in dogs.

In severe cases of pneumonia or respiratory problems, a trans-tracheal wash may be performed. This procedure involves taking a sample of fluid directly from the dog’s trachea, which can help identify infections and diagnose respiratory issues. Because lungworms typically reside in this area, their presence may be inadvertently detected through the tracheal wash sample.

If lungworms are identified as the cause of your dog’s respiratory problems, several medications are available that can effectively kill the parasite and prevent further infestations. Preventing lungworms in dogs can be achieved by ensuring that breeding dogs are parasite-free before becoming pregnant, and by regularly treating puppies and young dogs with a broad-spectrum dewormer.

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